Report from the Sub-comittee on the environment and health

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9 ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH ASSESSMENT OF ALTERNATIVE OR NEW METHODS OF WEED CONTROL AND CONTROL OF PESTS 167 9.1 Introduction 167 9.2 Weed control 167 9.3 Prevention and control of diseases 168 9.4 Prevention and control of pests 169 9.5 Use of genetically modified crops in agriculture 171 9.6 Use of spraying techniques to reduce spray drift 172 9.7 Reduced pollution during cleaning and filling of spray equipment 172 9.8 Interaction between pesticides, including growth regulators, and production of toxins 174 9.8.1 Conclusions 177 9.9 Mineralisation in <strong>the</strong> soil and o<strong>the</strong>r environmental impacts <strong>from</strong> increased soil treatment in <strong>the</strong> event of a phase-out of pesticides 178 9.10 Changes in energy consumption and emissions of greenhouse gases 179 9.10.1 Conclusion 180 9.11 New pesticides 180 9.12 Conclusions 181 10 MODEL CALCULATIONS OF THE CONSEQUENCES OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND HEALTH SCENARIOS FOR PHASING OUT PESTICIDES 185 10.1 Description of <strong>the</strong> scenarios 185 10.2 Pollution and exposure of different compartments 188 10.2.1 Pesticides in groundwater 188 10.2.2 Pesticides in soil, surface water and <strong>the</strong> atmosphere 190 10.3 Environmental impacts 191 10.3.1 The fauna in cultivated and uncultivated terrestrial ecosystems 192 10.3.2 The flora in cultivated and uncultivated terrestrial ecosystems 199 10.3.3 The aquatic environment 204 10.4 Exposure of humans 208 10.4.1 Exposure of, and effects on, <strong>the</strong> sprayer operator 208 10.4.2 Scenarios for <strong>the</strong> population's intake of pesticides 209 11 THE SUB-COMMITTEE’S SUMMARY WITH CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 212 11.1 Introduction and mandate 212 11.2 Occurrence of pesticides in <strong>the</strong> environment 213 11.3 Impacts of pesticides in <strong>the</strong> environment 216 5
6 11.4 The sub-committee’s conclusions and recommendations concerning health and safety 220 11.5 The sub-committee’s conclusions and recommendations concerning public health 221 11.6 The sub-committee’s conclusions and recommendations concerning <strong>the</strong> precautionary principle 223 11.7 The sub-committee’s conclusions and recommendations concerning ranking 224 11.8 The sub-committee’s conclusions concerning energy consumption, emissions of greenhouse gases and nutrient leaching 225 11.9 The sub-committee’s conclusions and recommendations concerning proportionality 226 12 REFERENCES 230 Annex 1.235 Annex 2 239
Page 1: The Bichel Committee 1999 R
Page 4 and 5: 1 INTRODUCTION 7 2 THE SUB-COMMITTE
Page 8: 1 Introduction On 15 May 1997 <stro
Page 11 and 12: The President Members 10 Henrik San
Page 13 and 14: Consultants’ reports 12 The sub-c
Page 15 and 16: 14 4 Occurrence of pesticides in <s
Page 17 and 18: The Nationwide Monitoring Programme
Page 19 and 20: Counties analyse samples fr
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Page 25 and 26: Substance Permitte
Page 27 and 28: 26 The distribution of finds of pes
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Page 31 and 32: Table 4.10 Occurrence of pesticides
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Page 35 and 36: 34 • The frequency of detection i
Page 37 and 38: 36 Soil water samples containing pe
Page 39 and 40: 38 Bromoxynil 3 n.d. 0.04 54 DNOC 4
Page 41 and 42: 40 concentrations found so far are
Page 43 and 44: 42 mononitrophenols and oth
Page 45 and 46: 44 The main measure used to try to
Page 47 and 48: Models for volatilisation 46 • It
Page 49 and 50: Calculation of the
Page 51 and 52: Processes that remove pesticides <s
Page 53 and 54: 52 atrazine and the</strong
Page 55 and 56: Potential sources of pesticides in
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56 Example 1: IPU dosage 1000 g act
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58 completely against future pollut
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Exposure of field fauna through tre
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Leaf beetles Direct effects of spra
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Indirect effects on mammals and bir
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Birds are particularly interesting
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Importance of headland vegetation t
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Effects of pesticides in forestry A
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Repeated spraying changes t
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Effect on seed production The wild
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Impact on the flor
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• The sub-committee recommends mo
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Effects on primary producers The ef
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Effects on amphibians Unlawful use
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concentrations than the</st
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The sub-committee recommends more c
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General ergonomic problems Particul
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Tractor accidents Accidents resulti
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The sprayer operator’s exposure t
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Pesticides and cancer 96 th
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Studies of frequency of cancer Repr
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Neurotoxicity Immunotoxicity and se
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Population studies 102 • Long-ter
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Other risk groups
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106 tomat salat kinakål kartofler
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Calculation of pesticide intake <st
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The Danes’ dietary pattern Reduct
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Estimated intake from</stro
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Table 6.4 Estimated pesticide intak
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Variation in daily intake of pestic
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Endosulfan = Endosulfan Methidathio
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Limit values Authorisation of pesti
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Analytical studies: case control st
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Cancer Mechanism behind the
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Neurotoxicity Neurotoxicity in chil
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128 6.2.7 Conclusions There is insu
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130 • It cannot be proven on <str
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132 Danish products. There are big
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134
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Definition of proportionality Heavy
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Tropospheric ozone Veterinary drugs
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140 effect that can be expected per
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Synthetic pesticid
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144 formulations. Therefore, <stron
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International cooperation 146 be il
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Fuzzy Expert model Expert assessmen
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Setting up a gross list with a view
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Better monitoring of the</s
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154 help in the as
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Impact index for the</stron
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Knowledge-building in the</
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160 In relation to the</str
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Uncertainties and variations 162 A
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164 which is fixed at 0.1 microgram
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166 If the risk as
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Prevention of disease in cereal cro
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Prevention of pest attack in agricu
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172 plants whose ability to establi
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Biobeds Municipal environmental sup
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Malt barley and gushing Direct effe
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Effect of soil treatment on wild pl
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Emissions of greenhouse gases 180 p
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Conclusions concerning environmenta
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Conclusions concerning leaching of
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0+-scenario: almost total phase-out
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Scenarios for forests Weath
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Soil Residues in the</stron
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Impact on the fiel
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Earthworms 194 has been carried out
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Assumptions and uncertainties Resul
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Comparison of weed control with and
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Results of calculations with <stron
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202 Scenarier Ingen behandling Plus
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Impacts on the flo
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Results of the mod
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Mechanical weed control 208 Behandl
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The Dane's dietary pattern and dail
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212 11 The sub-committee’s summar
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Conclusion concerning lack of time
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Conclusion concerning impacts on fl
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Conclusions concerning model analys
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Conclusions concerning exposure to
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Conclusion concerning mycotoxins Th
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Ranking with respect to groundwater
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Conclusion concerning emissions of
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Conclusions concerning natural subs
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230 12 References Abell, A., Bonde,
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232 Colborn, T., vom Saal., F.S., S
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234 Eyer, P. (1995). Neuropsychopat
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236 Graae, B.J. (1999). Florest flo
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238 Protection Conference: Pesticid
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240 Lindhardt, B., Sørensen, P.B.,
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242 consumption of fossil energy wi
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244 intoxication. The Pesticide Hea
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246 Underudvalget for Miljø og Sun
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248 Annex 1 Data required for autho
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250 11) Metabolism in animals The s
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252 Annex 2 The general rules for r
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Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 25
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256 reasonable and usable system fo
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Report from the Sub-comittee on the environment and health

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