Report from the Sub-comittee on the environment and health

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Bromide <strong>from</strong> fumigation with methyl bromide The results of <strong>the</strong> calculations are summarised in table 6.4, which shows <strong>the</strong> calculated pesticide intake with and without reduction through processing of <strong>the</strong> cereal. As will be seen <strong>from</strong> <strong>the</strong> table, <strong>the</strong> average intake is estimated to be about 26 microgrammes per day, with a distribution of about 2/3 <strong>from</strong> cereals produced in Denmark and 1/3 <strong>from</strong> imported cereals. It should be noted that <strong>the</strong> residual content of bromide is not included in <strong>the</strong> summation of <strong>the</strong> total intake. Bromide is not in itself a pesticide but is included in <strong>the</strong> analyses as an expression of any use of methyl bromide, which is used to fumigate cereals and o<strong>the</strong>r products. The test method for measuring methyl bromide is based on determination of bromide, but as this also exists in nature, it is a question of measuring whe<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong> bromide content is higher than <strong>the</strong> normal content in <strong>the</strong> cereal product. In o<strong>the</strong>r words, <strong>the</strong> absolute content of bromide does not correspond to <strong>the</strong> residual content of methyl bromide, and it would be a gross over-estimation to include <strong>the</strong> bromide content when summing <strong>the</strong> total intake. As in <strong>the</strong> case of fruit and vegetables, <strong>the</strong> average intake of <strong>the</strong> individual pesticide residues <strong>from</strong> cereals and cereal products is typically less than 1% of <strong>the</strong> ADI values (see Büchert 1998). The variations in <strong>the</strong> exposure to pesticides <strong>from</strong> cereals and cereal products can be estimated <strong>from</strong> table 6.3, <strong>from</strong> which it will be seen that <strong>the</strong> 90% fractile for cereals and cereal products corresponds to approx. 200% of <strong>the</strong> mean intake. 113
Table 6.4 Estimated pesticide intake <strong>from</strong> imported and Danish cereals and cereal products (Büchert 1998). There are very few analyses of glyphosate in cereals and cereal products. Empty spaces indicate that residues have not been detected. The analyses included pesticides that were not detected in any of <strong>the</strong> samples. Pesticide Barley, µg/day Oats, µg/day Wheat, µg/day Maize, Rice, Rye, µg/day Total, µg/day Total distribution 114 µg/day DK IMP. DK IMP. DK IMP. IMP. IMP. DK IMP. Total DK IMP. DK% IMP.% Bromide 1.720 0.000 69.623 3.664 75.007 71.343 3.664 95.1 4.9 Carbaryl 0.051 0.094 0.145 0.051 0.094 35.0 65.0 Chlormequate 1.243 2.309 12.531 3.133 14.635 0.770 34.620 28.409 6.212 82.1 17.9 Chlorpyriphos-methyl 1.166 0.291 0.080 1.537 1.166 0.372 75.8 24.2 p,p'-DDE 0.030 0.056 0.087 0.030 0.056 35.0 65.0 Dieldrin 0.567 0.142 0.708 0.567 0.142 80.0 20.0 Dimethoate 0.006 0.000 1.102 0.276 1.384 1.109 0.276 80.1 19.9 Dithiocarbamate 4.229 1.057 5.286 4.229 1.057 80.0 20.0 Esfenvalerate 0.439 0.110 0.549 0.439 0.110 80.0 20.0 Fenitrothion 0.103 0.078 0.181 0.000 0.181 0.0 100.0 Fenvalerate 0.036 0.067 1.343 0.336 0.299 0.016 2.098 1.679 0.419 80.0 20.0 Glyphosate 0.159 0.000 0.159 0.159 0.000 100.0 0.0 Lambda-cyhalothrine 0.428 0.107 0.535 0.428 0.107 80.0 20.0 Lindane 0.408 0.102 0.299 0.016 0.825 0.707 0.118 85.7 14.3 Malathion 0.871 0.218 0.072 0.040 1.200 0.871 0.329 72.6 27.4 Mepiquate 0.023 0.042 0.066 0.017 0.743 0.039 0.929 0.832 0.098 89.5 10.5 Nitrofen 0.850 0.045 0.894 0.850 0.045 95.0 5.0 Permethrin 0.186 0.346 0.532 0.186 0.346 35.0 65.0 Pirimicarb 0.072 0.072 0.000 0.072 0.0 100.0 Pirimiphos-methyl 0.016 0.030 1.107 0.277 0.372 0.038 1.839 1.123 0.716 61.1 38.9 Pesticide intake Without reduction 1.886 0.000 1.585 2.944 24.257 6.064 0.699 0.155 86.448 4.550 53.581 42.833 10.747 65.6 34.4 With 50% reduction 0.943 0.000 0.793 1.472 12.129 3.032 0.350 0.078 43.224 2.275 26.791 21.417 5.374 65.6 34.4 µg/day
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The Bichel Committee 1999 R
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1 INTRODUCTION 7 2 THE SUB-COMMITTE
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9 ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH ASSESSME
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1 Introduction On 15 May 1997 <stro
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The President Members 10 Henrik San
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Consultants’ reports 12 The sub-c
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14 4 Occurrence of pesticides in <s
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The Nationwide Monitoring Programme
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Counties analyse samples fr
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20 system. However, the</st
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Substance Permitte
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26 The distribution of finds of pes
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28 concentrations of up to 11 micro
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Table 4.10 Occurrence of pesticides
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32 It will be seen from</st
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34 • The frequency of detection i
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36 Soil water samples containing pe
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38 Bromoxynil 3 n.d. 0.04 54 DNOC 4
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40 concentrations found so far are
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42 mononitrophenols and oth
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44 The main measure used to try to
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Models for volatilisation 46 • It
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Calculation of the
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Processes that remove pesticides <s
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52 atrazine and the</strong
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Potential sources of pesticides in
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56 Example 1: IPU dosage 1000 g act
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58 completely against future pollut
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Exposure of field fauna through tre
Page 64 and 65: Leaf beetles Direct effects of spra
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Page 68 and 69: Birds are particularly interesting
Page 70 and 71: Importance of headland vegetation t
Page 72 and 73: Effects of pesticides in forestry A
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Page 76 and 77: Effect on seed production The wild
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Page 84 and 85: Effects on amphibians Unlawful use
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Page 91 and 92: General ergonomic problems Particul
Page 93 and 94: Tractor accidents Accidents resulti
Page 95 and 96: The sprayer operator’s exposure t
Page 97 and 98: Pesticides and cancer 96 th
Page 99 and 100: Studies of frequency of cancer Repr
Page 101 and 102: Neurotoxicity Immunotoxicity and se
Page 103 and 104: Population studies 102 • Long-ter
Page 105 and 106: Other risk groups
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Page 111 and 112: The Danes’ dietary pattern Reduct
Page 113: Estimated intake from</stro
Page 117 and 118: Variation in daily intake of pestic
Page 119 and 120: Endosulfan = Endosulfan Methidathio
Page 121 and 122: Limit values Authorisation of pesti
Page 123 and 124: Analytical studies: case control st
Page 125 and 126: Cancer Mechanism behind the
Page 127 and 128: Neurotoxicity Neurotoxicity in chil
Page 129 and 130: 128 6.2.7 Conclusions There is insu
Page 131 and 132: 130 • It cannot be proven on <str
Page 133 and 134: 132 Danish products. There are big
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Page 137 and 138: Definition of proportionality Heavy
Page 139 and 140: Tropospheric ozone Veterinary drugs
Page 141 and 142: 140 effect that can be expected per
Page 143 and 144: Synthetic pesticid
Page 145 and 146: 144 formulations. Therefore, <stron
Page 147 and 148: International cooperation 146 be il
Page 149 and 150: Fuzzy Expert model Expert assessmen
Page 151 and 152: Setting up a gross list with a view
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Page 155 and 156: 154 help in the as
Page 157 and 158: Impact index for the</stron
Page 159 and 160: Knowledge-building in the</
Page 161 and 162: 160 In relation to the</str
Page 163 and 164: Uncertainties and variations 162 A
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164 which is fixed at 0.1 microgram
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166 If the risk as
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Prevention of disease in cereal cro
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Prevention of pest attack in agricu
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172 plants whose ability to establi
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Biobeds Municipal environmental sup
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Malt barley and gushing Direct effe
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Effect of soil treatment on wild pl
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Emissions of greenhouse gases 180 p
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Conclusions concerning environmenta
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Conclusions concerning leaching of
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0+-scenario: almost total phase-out
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Scenarios for forests Weath
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Soil Residues in the</stron
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Impact on the fiel
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Earthworms 194 has been carried out
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Assumptions and uncertainties Resul
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Comparison of weed control with and
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Results of calculations with <stron
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202 Scenarier Ingen behandling Plus
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Impacts on the flo
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Results of the mod
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Mechanical weed control 208 Behandl
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The Dane's dietary pattern and dail
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212 11 The sub-committee’s summar
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Conclusion concerning lack of time
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Conclusion concerning impacts on fl
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Conclusions concerning model analys
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Conclusions concerning exposure to
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Conclusion concerning mycotoxins Th
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Ranking with respect to groundwater
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Conclusion concerning emissions of
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Conclusions concerning natural subs
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230 12 References Abell, A., Bonde,
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232 Colborn, T., vom Saal., F.S., S
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234 Eyer, P. (1995). Neuropsychopat
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236 Graae, B.J. (1999). Florest flo
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238 Protection Conference: Pesticid
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240 Lindhardt, B., Sørensen, P.B.,
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242 consumption of fossil energy wi
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244 intoxication. The Pesticide Hea
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246 Underudvalget for Miljø og Sun
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248 Annex 1 Data required for autho
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250 11) Metabolism in animals The s
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252 Annex 2 The general rules for r
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Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 25
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256 reasonable and usable system fo
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