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262 THE WILL IN NATURE.
itself does not adapt itself to the existing weapons, but
vice versa. This had already been noticed by Galenas 1
and by Lucretius 2 before him. All these circumstances
give us complete certainty, that the will does not, as a
supplementary thing proceeding from the intellect, employ
those instruments which it may happen to find, or use the
parts because just they and no others chance to be there ;
but that what is primary and original, is the endeavour to
live in this particular way, to contend in this manner, an
endeavour which manifests itself not only in the employ
ment, but even in the existence of the : weapon so much
so indeed, that the use of the weapon frequently precedes
its existence, thus denoting that it is the weapon which
arises out of the existence of the endeavour, not, con
versely,
the desire to use it out of the existence of the
weapon. Aristotle expressed this long ago, when he said,
3
with reference to insects armed with : stings Sia. TO Qvnov
t\eiv oir\ov t^a (quia, iram Jiabent, arma habent), and further
on, generally speaking :
*
Ta tT opyava TT^OQ TO epyov / 0vVtc
TToiel, aXX ov TO tpyov ir/oog TO. ooyava. (Natura enim instru-
inenta ad qfficium, non officium ad instrumenta accommodaf).
From which it follows, that the structure of each animal
is adapted to its will.
This truth forces itself upon thoughtful zoologists and
zootomists with such cogency, that unless their mind is at
the same time purified by a deeper philosophy, it may lead
them into strange errors. Now this actually happened to
a very eminent zoologist, the immortal De Lamarck, who
has acquired everlasting fame by his discovery of the clas-
" De Usu Partium Anim.," i. 1.
1
Galenus,
2
Lucretius, v. pp. 1032-1039.
3 Aristot., "De Part. Animal.," iv. 6 :
"
They have a weapon because
they have passion." [Tr.]
4
Ibid. c. 12 : "Nature makes the tools for the work, not the work
for the tools." [Tr.]