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310 THE WILL IN NATURE.
rally taken for granted as a matter of course and only
occasionally brought explicitly into prominence ; never
theless, in order to make the case quite certain, I will point
out a few passages from the earliest to the latest authors
in which it is specially stated. In Phaedrus, 1
Plato makes
the distinction between that which moves spontaneously
from inside (soul) and that which receives movement only
from outside (body) TO v<f>
efoOw TU KivtlffOai. 2
iavrov
Kivov/uevov KO.I TO, <
Aristotle establishes the principle
v^ eavrov
(quidquid fertur a se movetur, aut
in precisely the same way : airav TO Qepopevov >/
i>V KtvEirai, fj d\\ov
3
db alio~). He returns to the subject in the next Book,
chap. 4 and 5, and connects it with some explanatory de
tails which lead him into considerable perplexity, on ac
count precisely of the fallacy of the antithesis. 4
In more
recent times again J. J. Eousseau brings forward the same
antithesis with great naivete and candour in his famous
"Profession de foi du vicaire
5
Savoyard:" "Fa/p&rfois
dans les corps deux sortes de mouvement, savoir : mouvement
communique et mouvement spontane ou volontaire : dans le
premier la cause motrice est etrangere au corps mu ; et dans
le second elle est en lui-meme" But even in our time and
in the stilted, puffed-up style which is peculiar to it, Bur-
6
dach holds forth as follows :
" The cause that determines
a movement lies either inside or outside of that which
1
Plato, Phfed." p. 319 Bip.
2 " That which is moved by itself and that which is moved from out
"
side." [Tr.] And we find the same distinction again in the 10th Book De
Legibus," p. 85. [After him Cicero repeats it in the two last chapters
"
of his Somnium Scipionis." Add. to 3rd ed.]
3 "
All that is moved, is moved either by itself or by something else."
[Tr.] Aristotle, vii. 2.
"Phys."
4
Maclaurin, too, in his account of Newton s discoveries, p. 102, lavs
down this principle as his starting-point. [Add. to 3rd ed.]
6
Kmile, iv. p. 27. Bip.
Burdach,
"
Physiologic," vol. iv. p. 323.