Identificación y caracterización del granizo mediante el radar ...

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BibliografíaDDas, P., 1979: A non-Archimedian approach to the equations of convection dynamics. J. Atmos.Sci., 36, 2183–2190.De., U.S., R.K.Dube y G.S.Prakasa Rao, 2005: Extreme weather events over India in the last100 years. J. Ind. Geophys. Union, 9, 3, 173-187.Decker, F.W. y L.D. Calvin, 1961: Hailfall of 10 September 1959 near Medford, Oregon. Bull.Amer. Meteor. Soc., 42, 475-481.Delgado, G., 2007: Contributions to Very Short Range Rainfall Forecasting: validation of anMSG nowcasting model and a new Rainfall Estimation Method Using SatelliteImagery. Tesis doctoral. Departamento de Astronomía y Meteorología, Universidad deBarcelona.Dennis, A.S., y D.J. Musil, 1973: Calculations of hailstorm growth and trajectories in a simplecloud model. J. Atmos. Sci., 30, 278-288.Dessens, J., 1986. Hail in Southwestern France. I.: Hailfalls characteristics and hailstormenvironment. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 25, 35-47Dessens, J., R. Fraile, V. Pont y J.L. Sanchez, 2001: Day-of-the-week variability of hail insouthwestern France. Atmos. Res., 59- 60, 63-76.Dessens, J., 1995: Severe convective weather in the context of a night-time global warming.Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 1241-1244.Dessens, J., C. Berthet y J.L. Sánchez, 2007: A point hailfall classification based on hailpadmeasurements. Atmos. Res., 83, 132-139.Dixon, M. y G. Wiener, 1993: Thunderstorm Identification, Tracking, Analysis and Nowcasting– A Radar-based Methodology. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 10, 6, 785–797.Donaldson, R.J., R.M. Dyer y M.J. Kraus, 1975: An objective evaluator of techniques forpredicting severe weather events. Preprints, Ninth Conf. on Severe Local Storms,Norman, OK, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 321–326.Doswell, C.A.III, 1987: The distinction between large-scale and mesoscale contribution tosevere convection: A case study example. Wea. Forecasting, 2, 3-16.Doswell, C.A.III, 2001: Severe convective storms -- An overview. Severe Convective Storms,Meteor. Monogr., 28, 50, 1-26.Doswell, C.A.III, 2003: Societal impacts of severe thunderstorms and tornadoes: lessons learnedand implications for Europe. Atmos. Res., 67-68, 135-152.Doswell, C.A.III y E.N. Rasmussen, 1994: The effect of neglecting the virtual temperaturecorrection on CAPE calculations. Wea. Forecasting, 9, 619-623.Doswell, C.A.III, H.E. Brooks y R.A. Maddox, 1996. Flash-flood forecasting: an ingredientsbasedmethodology. Wea. Forecasting, 11, 360–381.Doswell, C. A.III, y P. M. Markowski, 2004: Is buoyancy a relative quantity?. Mon. Wea. Rev.,132, 853–863.Doswell, C.A.III y D.M. Schultz, 2006: On the use of indices and parameters in forecastingsevere storms. Electronic J. Severe Storms Meteor., 1, 1-14.Douglas, R.H., 1964: Hail size distributions. Preprints 11 th Weather Radar Conf, Seattle, Amer.Meteor. Soc., 192-199.208
Identificación y caracterización del granizo. Predicción de las células convectivasDudhia, J., D. Gill, K. Manning, W. Wang y C. Bruyere, 2004: PSU/NCAR Mesoscalemodeling system. Tutorial Class Notes and User’s Guide: MM5 Modeling SystemVersion 3. Disponible en http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/mm5/documents/tutorial-v3-notes.html.EEdwards, R., y R. L. Thompson, 1998: Nationwide Comparisons of Hail Size with WSR-88DVertically Integrated Liquid Water and Derived Thermodynamic Sounding Data. Wea.Forecasting, 13, 277-285.Etkin, D. y S.E. Brun, 1999: A note on Canada’s hail climatology: 1977-1993. Int. J. Climatol.,19, 1357–1373.Emanuel, K.A., 1994: Atmospheric Convection. Oxford University Press, 580pp.English, M., 1973: Alberta hailstorms. Part II: Growth of large hail in the storm. AlbertaHailstorms, Meteor. Monogr., No. 36, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 37–98.Eymard, L., 1984: Radar analysis of a tropical convective boundary layer with shallow cumulusclouds. J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 1380–1393.FFankhauser, J.C., N.A. Crook, J. Tuttle, L.J. Miller y C. G. Wade, 1995: Initiation of deepconvection along boundary layer convergence lines in a semitropical environment.Mon. Wea. Rev., 123, 291–313.Farley, R.D. y H.D. Orville, 1986: Numerical modeling of hailstorms and hailstone growth: PartI. Preliminary model verification and sensitivity tests. J. Clim. Appl. Meteorol. 25,2014–2036.Farley, R.D., S. Wang y H.D. Orville, 1992. A comparison of 3D model results withobservation for an isolated CCOPE thunderstorm. Meteorol. Atmos. Phys. 49, 187–207.Federer, B. y A. Waldvogel, 1975: Hail and raindrop size distributions from a Swiss multicellstorm. J. Appl. Meteor., 14, 91-97.Font, I., 1983: Atlas Climático de España, INM y Ministerio de Transportes, Turismo yComunicaciones, Madrid.Fraile, R., A. Castro, J.L. Sánchez, J.L. Marcos y L. López, 2001: Noteworthy C-band radarparameters of storms on hail days in northwestern Spain. Atmos. Res., 59-60, 41-61.Fraile, R., A. Castro, L. Lopez, J.L. Sánchez y C. Palencia, 2003. The influence of melting onhailstone size distribution Atmos. Res., 67-68, 203-213.Fraile, R., 1991: Análisis climatológico y caracterización de las tormentas de granizo en lasprovincias de León y Zamora. Tesis Doctoral, Universidad de Valladolid, 184pp.Fujita, T.T., 1971. Proposed characterization of tornadoes and hurricanes by area and intensity.SMRP Research Paper, 91. The University of Chicago. 42pp.Fujita, T.T., 1986: Mesoscale Classifications. Their history and their application toforecasting.Chapter 2 of Mesoscale Meteorology and Forecasting. Edited by P. Ray. AMS, Boston.209
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Índice4.4 Los radiosondeos .......
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Agradecimientos / AgraïmentsTota a
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Resumenobteniendo una óptima estim
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Abstractresults the relationships b
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Identificación y caracterización
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El granizoEn cuanto a su forma, el
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El granizo• La formación de las
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El granizoFigura 3.5 Vista esquemá
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El granizo3.5 Órdenes de magnitudL
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El granizo(171 km/h), en este caso
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El granizoFigura 3.8 Tamaño máxim
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El granizo• Una escala muy sofist
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El granizoEn resumen, existen una g
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El granizodistribución espacial de
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El granizola zona del Valle del Ebr
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El granizo• Una extensión de las
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Las campañas de observación de gr
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Situaciones con y sin granizo y det
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Page 193: Identificación y caracterización
Page 196 and 197: Conclusionesexistentes se han mostr
Page 198 and 199: Conclusioneslugar en ella sean de d
Page 200 and 201: Conclusiones9.4 Las campañas exper
Page 202 and 203: Conclusionesla incidencia perpendic
Page 204 and 205: Conclusionessubjetivas, cometiendo
Page 206 and 207: Conclusionesrelacionados con las di
Page 208 and 209: Conclusiones9.7 La predicción de l
Page 210 and 211: Conclusionesdetectándose variacion
Page 212 and 213: Conclusiones• La organización de
Page 220 and 221: BibliografíaAugustine, J.A. y K.W.
Page 224 and 225: BibliografíaGGalletti, M., P.P. Al
Page 226 and 227: BibliografíaKaňák, J., M. Benko,
Page 228 and 229: BibliografíaMarkowski, P., 2005c:
Page 230 and 231: BibliografíaPierce, C.E., P.J. Har
Page 232 and 233: BibliografíaStumpf, G.J., T.M. Smi
Page 244 and 245: Índice de tablasTabla. 7.4 Diferen
Page 246: AcrónimosMUL - Sistema Multicelula
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