Identificación y caracterización del granizo mediante el radar ...

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BibliografíaStumpf, G.J., T.M. Smith y J. Hocker, 2004: New Hail Diagnostic Parameters Dervied byIntegrating Multiple Radars and Multiple Sensors. Preprints, 22nd Conf. on SevereLocal Storms, Hyannis, MA, Amer. Meteor. Soc., P7.8 - CD preprints.Suomi, V.E., R. Fox, S.S. Limaye y W.L. Smith, 1983: McIDAS III: A Modern Interactive DataAccess and Analysis System. J. Appl. Meteor., 22, 5, 766–778.T, U, VThe TORnado and storm Research Organisation. http://www.torro.org.uk.Thelwis, J., 1961: Encyclopedic dictionary of physics. Pergamon Press.Towery, N.J. y A.S.Changnon Jr., 1974: A review of surface hail sensors. Journal of WeatherModification, 6, 1, 304-317.Tudurí, E., y C.Ramis, 1997: On the environments of significant convective events in thewestern Mediterranean. Wea. Forecasting, 12, 294–306.Tukey, J. W., 1977: Exploratory Data Analysis: Addison-Wesley, Reading, Mass., 688 pp.UCAR communications, 2003: One hail of a storm. Staff notes monthly, July/August.Velleman, P.F. y Hoaglin, D.C., 1981: Applications, Basics, and Computing of ExploratoryData Analysis: Duxbury Press, Boston, 354 pp.Vento, D., 1976: The hailpad calibration for Italian hail damage documentation. J. Appl.Meteor., 15, 1018-1022.Vila, D.A. y L.A.T. Machado, 2004: Shape and radiative properties of convective systemsobserved from infrared satellite images. Int. J. Remote Sensing, 25, 21, 4441-4456.Vivekanandan, J., D.S. Zrnić, S.M. Ellis, R. Oye, A.V. Ryzhkov y J. Straka, 1999: Cloudmicrophysics retrieval using S-band dual-polarization radar measurements. Bull. Amer.Meteor. Soc., 80, 3, 381-388.W, Y, ZWagenmaker, R.B., 1992: Operational detection of hail by radar using heights of VIP-5reflectivity echoes. Natl. Wea. Dig., 17 (2), 2–15.Wakimoto, R.M. y N.T. Atkins, 1994: Observations of the sea-breeze front during CaPE. Part I:Single-Doppler, satellite, and cloud photogrammetric analysis. Mon. Wea. Rev., 122,1092–1114.Wakimoto, R.M., W.-C. Lee, H.B. Bluestein, C.-H. Liu y P.H. Hildebrand, 1996: ELDORAobservations during VORTEX 95. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 77, 1465–1481.Waldvogel, A., B. Federer y P. Grimm, 1979: Criteria for the detection of hail. J. Appl. Meteor.,16, 1521-1525.Waldvogel, A., B. Federer, W. Schmid y J.F. Mezeix: 1978b: The kinetic energy of hailfalls.Part II. Radar and hailpads. J. Appl. Meteorol. 17, 11, 1680-1693.Waldvogel, A., L. Klein, D. J. Musil y P.L. Smith, 1987: Characteristics of radar-identified bigdrop zones in Swiss hailstorms. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 26, 861–877.218
Identificación y caracterización del granizo. Predicción de las células convectivasWaldvogel, A., W. Schmid y B. Federer, 1978a: The kinetic energy of hailfalls. Part I. Hailstonespectra. J. Appl. Meteorol. 17, 4, 515-520.Walko, R.L., W.R. Cotton, M.P. Meyers y J.L. Harrington, 1995: New RAMS cloudmicrophysics parametrization: Part I. The single-moment scheme. Atmos. Res. 38, 29–62.Warner, J. y S. Twomey, 1956: The use of silver iodide for seeding individual clouds. Tellus, 8,453-457.Warner, J., 1970. On steady-state one-dimensional models of cumulus convection. J. Atmos.Sci., 27, 1035–1040.Webb, J.D.C., D.M. Elsom y G.T. Meaden, 1986: The TORRO hailstorm intensity scale. J.Meteorol. 11, 337–339.Weisman, M.L. y J.B. Klemp, 1986: Characteristics of Isolated Convective Storms. InMesoscale Meteorology and Forecasting. P.S. Ray (Ed.), Amer. Meteor. Soc., Boston,331-358.Westrick, K.J., C.F. Mass y B.A. Colle, 1999: The limitations of the WSR-88D radar networkfor quantitative precipitation measurement over the coastal western United States. Bull.Amer. Meteor. Soc., 80, 2289–2298.Whiton, R.C., P.L. Smith, S.G. Bigler, K.E. Wilk y A.C. Harbuck, 1998: History of OperationalUse of Weather Radar by U.S. Weather Services. Part I: The Pre-NEXRAD Era. Wea.Forecasting, 13, 2, 219–243.Wilhelmson, R.B. y J.B. Klemp, 1981: A threedimensional numerical simulation of splittingsevere storms on 3 April 1964. J. Atmos. Sci. 38, 1581–1600.Wilks, D. S., 1995: Statistical Methods in the Atmospheric Sciences. Academic Press, 467 pp.Wilson, J.W. y W.E. Schreiber, 1986: Initiation of convective storms at radar-observedboundary-layer convergence lines. Mon. Wea. Rev., 114, 2516–2536.Wilson, J.W., E.E. Ebert, T.R. Saxen, R.D. Roberts, C.K. Mueller, M. Sleigh, C.E. Pierce y A.Seed, 2004: Sydney 2000 Forecast Demonstration Project: Convective StormNowcasting Weather and Forecasting, 19, 1, 131–150.Wilson, J.W., T.M. Weckwerth, J. Vivekanandan, R.M. Wakimoto y R.W. Russell, 1994:Boundary layer clear-air radar echoes: Origin of echoes and accuracy of derived winds.J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 11, 1184–1206.Witt, A., M.D. Eilts, G.J. Stumpf, J.T. Johnson, E.D. Mitchell y K.W. Thomas, 1998: Anenhanced hail detection algorithm for the WSR-88D. Wea. Forecasting, 13, 286-303.World Meteorological Organization, 1996: Meeting of Experts to Review the Present Status ofHail Suppression. Tech. Doc. No. 764. 39pp.Young, C. B., B.R. Nelson, A.A. Bradley, J.A. Smith, C.D. Peters-Lidard, A. Kruger, y M.L.Baeck, 1999: An evaluation of NEXRAD precipitation estimates in complex terrain. J.Geophys. Res., 104 (D16), 19 691–19 703.Ziegler, C.L., T.J. Lee y R.A. Pielke, 1997: Convective initiation at the dryline: A modelingstudy. Mon. Wea. Rev., 125, 1001–1026.Ziegler, C.L. y E.N. Rasmussen, 1998: The Initiation of Moist Convection at the Dryline:Forecasting Issues from aCase Study Perspective. Wea. Forecasting, 13, 4, 1106–1131.Zrnić, D.S., A.V. Ryzhkov, J. Straka, Y. Liu y J. Vivekanandan, 2001: Testing a procedure forautomatic classification of hydrometeor types. J. Atmos. Oceanic Tech., 18, 6, 892-913.219
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Índice4.4 Los radiosondeos .......
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Agradecimientos / AgraïmentsTota a
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Resumenobteniendo una óptima estim
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Abstractresults the relationships b
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Identificación y caracterización
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El granizoEn cuanto a su forma, el
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El granizo• La formación de las
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El granizoFigura 3.5 Vista esquemá
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El granizo3.5 Órdenes de magnitudL
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El granizo(171 km/h), en este caso
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El granizoFigura 3.8 Tamaño máxim
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El granizo• Una escala muy sofist
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El granizoEn resumen, existen una g
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El granizodistribución espacial de
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El granizola zona del Valle del Ebr
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El granizo• Una extensión de las
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Las campañas de observación de gr
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Situaciones con y sin granizo y det
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Page 181 and 182: Identificación y caracterización
Page 193: Identificación y caracterización
Page 196 and 197: Conclusionesexistentes se han mostr
Page 198 and 199: Conclusioneslugar en ella sean de d
Page 200 and 201: Conclusiones9.4 Las campañas exper
Page 202 and 203: Conclusionesla incidencia perpendic
Page 204 and 205: Conclusionessubjetivas, cometiendo
Page 206 and 207: Conclusionesrelacionados con las di
Page 208 and 209: Conclusiones9.7 La predicción de l
Page 210 and 211: Conclusionesdetectándose variacion
Page 212 and 213: Conclusiones• La organización de
Page 220 and 221: BibliografíaAugustine, J.A. y K.W.
Page 222 and 223: BibliografíaDDas, P., 1979: A non-
Page 224 and 225: BibliografíaGGalletti, M., P.P. Al
Page 226 and 227: BibliografíaKaňák, J., M. Benko,
Page 228 and 229: BibliografíaMarkowski, P., 2005c:
Page 230 and 231: BibliografíaPierce, C.E., P.J. Har
Page 244 and 245: Índice de tablasTabla. 7.4 Diferen
Page 246: AcrónimosMUL - Sistema Multicelula
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