Trafikkopplæring i Danmark 'fra vugge til rat' - Transportøkonomisk ...

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Traffic education in Denmark: ‘From cradle to wheel’ accidents the best estimate is a reduction in the number of accidents of 23 %, however not significant. Effects of restrictions in the number of passengers: The number of passengers increases the accident risk for young drivers. One study found a significant reduction in the number of accidents for the first 6 months after the introduction of a GDL-program which included passenger restrictions. Deviant driver behaviour and measures for behaviour change The chapter discusses deviant driver behaviour, its causes, and potential countermeasures to mitigate deviant driver behaviour. Relative risks of being involved in personal injury accidents for some types of behaviour, driver states and conditions as drink driving, drug and medicine abuse, age, speeding, personality traits and psychiatric diagnoses as potential causes of accidents, are presented. Personality traits can be defined as dimensions of individual differences regarding the tendency of displaying consistent patterns of thinking, emotions and behaviour. It is especially the trait of “sensation seeking” that has been associated with violations of traffic regulations, but also aggression, impulsivity, emotional instability and social deviance have been linked to violations of traffic law and regulations. Ulleberg identifies six sub-groups of drivers 18-22 years of age which differ significantly regarding the configuration of personality traits. Two of these groups stand out negatively by bypassing traffic law and regulations to a larger extent than the other sub-groups. They can behave relatively irresponsible and aggressively, they have low tolerance of frustrations, and they show low consideration and concern regarding others. Ulleberg labels these two groups socially deviant drivers and aggressive drivers. Both sub-groups have accident risks above average. It has been claimed that drivers with an ADHD-diagnose (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) have a relative risk of being involved in an accident which is 3-4 times higher than drivers without ADHD, but recent estimates from metaanalysis indicate that the relative risk may be as low as 1.24. Drivers who have ODD (Oppositional Defiant Disorder) and/or CD (Conduct Disorder) as comorbid states in addition to ADHD have, however, higher relative risks than ADHD-drivers without such comorbidity. American research, which have focused on so-called “problem drivers”, have evaluated measures that potentially can improve the accident risk by changing driver behaviour. The most efficient measures are defensive driving courses, warning letters of license suspension, and license revocation, measures that seem to reduce the number of accidents by 14 – 21 %. Ideas and strategies for improving research competence and -environments The purpose of the chapter is threefold: • Map existing research environments and competence on road safety for children and adolescents. • Indicate areas where more research and competence are needed. • Propose how research environments and competence on road safety for children and adolescents can be improved in Denmark. These issues have been addressed through studies of 80 publications from the last 10 years in Danish professional journals, conferences and report series. In addition, VI Copyright © Institute of Transport Economics, 2012
Traffic education in Denmark: ‘From cradle to wheel’ interviews have been done with 10 selected key personnel from DTU Transport, University of Copenhagen, Aalborg University, Danish Public Roads Administration, Århus University, Trafitec, Via trafik and Rambøll. The study show that research on road safety issues concerning children, adolescents and young adults in Denmark is very limited. It is primarily engineers who work on themes concerning “children, young people and road safety”, and, only to a lesser extent, also psychologists and pedagogues. Many institutes and research centers, who to some extent are working with young people, are seldom considering road safety topics, even if this would be highly relevant. A large amount of the publications considers school policies and ways to school. In most cases the theme has been concrete analyses, delivered by consultative engineers, of ways to schools in one or more municipalities. Only nine publications specifically address road safety issues concerning children and young people. The amount of free research, where researchers themselves can decide the themes and problem statements, is low and the research environments are dependent on increased economic resources in order to achieve a strengthening of research on road safety issues specifically concerning children and young people. In short, the recommendations are: • Establish larger projects specifically directed towards enhancement of competence of researchers • Employ more researchers in order to create a critical mass of researchers and research environments • Establish interdisciplinary research centers providing an increased and improved cooperation. • Launch more PhD-projects within this area. An establishment of a research center could, for example, be an interdisciplinary center for road safety research or children, adolescents and young adults consisting of psychologists, sociologists and engineers from DTU, KU, RUC, AU, AAU and other relevant parties. This would be important for establishing a critical mass of researchers who could create a continuous and long-term focus and commitment regarding road safety on issues for children, adolescents and young adults. Traffic education as a long-term strategy Publications from the following countries and supranational bodies have been collected and considered: Australia (Western Australia), Canada, Denmark, England, Japan, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden, EU (three publications), ETSC and OECD. EU has the most comprehensive description of traffic education measures. Vision Zero, which was stated as long-term strategy in Sweden around 1995, has also been adopted as a vision in Norway. Vision Zero appears with similar concepts in countries, institutions and Australian states:” Achieving a Society with No Traffic Accidents (Japan) and “Towards Zero: Ambitious Road Safety Targets and the Safe System Approach” (OECD and Western Australia). Sweden, Norway, the Netherlands and Western Australia, specifically pinpoint that the use of road safety measures, as a part of a long-term strategy for improving road safety, must be based on scientific evidence. This means that road safety measures that are applied in the road system, must have effects that are well documented, and, if Copyright © Institute of Transport Economics, 2012 VII
Page 1: TØI rapport 1232/2012 Truls Vaa As
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Trafikkopplæring i Danmark: ”Fra
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New Zealand: Norge: Trafikkopplæri
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