Seeing clearly: Frame Semantic, Psycholinguistic, and Cross ...

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CHAPTER 3. OTHER COGNITIVE APPROACHES 120 f. Through the piles of leaves . . . , the dogs picked up the scent of the escaped prisoner. Thus we could say that there is a folk theory of vision which is \extramissive", in which vision or the \gaze" travels from the eyes to the seen. Let us agree with Lako that this is an example of the more general metaphors perception is touch and perceptual organs are limbs, and further that, since we have found that the motion can be construed in either direction, that both directions can be subsumed under the more general metaphor perception is contact between perceiver and perceived. We need not agree exactly with Lako that the prepositional phrases in Ex. (5) make the main verbs metaphorical, but the examples in Ex. (4) and (5) do suggest that perception events can be construed as metaphorical motion, and that this metaphorical motion can be in either direction. When we look at perception which is per se metaphorical, such asrecognize, we often nd these combined with metaphorical motion as well, but the mappings are somewhat di erent. As Lako (1995:141) points out, what is usually the content of perception as in Ex. (5-a) also can be a metaphorical goal, as in Ex. (5-b). Furthermore, the experiencer can be construed as a goal and the stimulus as a source, both of the physical perception and of the knowing. This mapping works best when the metaphorical motion is from stimulus to experiencer, as in Lako 's example, (6) John looks sick to me from the pictures. There are many other ways to express judgements of this sort without the to and from, and hence, the suggestion of motion, as in Ex. (7). (7) a. When I saw the pictures, I was convinced John was sick. b. Judging by the pictures, John must be sick. c. Based on how he looks in the pictures, I'm sure John is sick. When the main verb is see, the direction of motion is presumably from experiencer to percept, yet we still get blends with a PPfrom; thus these can be either a physical starting place for eye, or the abstract starting place for the mental event that leads to knowing;
CHAPTER 3. OTHER COGNITIVE APPROACHES 121 evidence is a cause for belief, and reasoning is a journey from evidence to belief 5 (Icould see from the calluses on his hands that he did a lot of manual labor). With see as the main verb, there is a tendency for the contenttomaptogoal; ifwe wanttousesee as a causative, as in sense ensure, we cannot mark the goal of the causation with the most common preposition for goals, to (Ex. (8-a)). But Ex. (8-b), without the preposition, is ambiguous between cognition (recognize) and causation (ensure). To make it clearly causal, we can use the \empty" pronoun it as the object of the goal-marking proposition to and follow itby the clause that expresses the caused state or event. (8) a. *She sees to (that) they're busy/them busy/their business. b. She sees that they're busy. c. She sees to it that they're busy. We can also treat the evidence as a means to the goal of knowing, and mark it with by (I could see bythecalluses on his hands. . . ). Similar patterns exist with tell and know, which can also be verbs of cognition. (Cf. Lako (1995) and Sweetser (1990:Ch. 2) for more details of verbs of perception used in the cognition frame with metaphorical movement expressions.) Furthermore, see participates in other semantic and syntactic patterns that are partially shared by otherverbs (and nouns) of perception. (For discussion of these verbs in English see Fillmore (1994), Atkins (1994) and Declerck (1982); for cross-linguistic com- parisons, see Viberg (1983).) Many of these generalizations can probably best be captured in a typed feature structure hierarchy, as I will discuss in Section 3.5. 3.4 A Brief Discussion of Two Complex Idioms Envisionment and Classi cation as Reality (9) Brown: As far as he could see there was no hole to climb through it. In the Brown corpus, we nd the very problematic sentence shown in Ex. (9). We assume that as far as he could see is intended literally, i.e. to refer to physical perception (eye), as suggested by hole and climb. Without looking at a larger context, it is not clear 5 Cf. Sweetser (1987:450) on the path inherent indeduce (< Lat. de+ducere `lead out/from')
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Seeing clearly: Frame Semantic, Psy
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Seeing clearly: Frame Semantic, Psy
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Next three psycholinguistic experim
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BasicSenses........................
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Acknowledgements Careful citations
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acquisition. Aside from needing to
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Chapter 1 Introduction Xue er bu s,
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CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 3 In lingui
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CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 5 Although
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CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 7 part on t
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CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 13 L.U. Lex
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CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 21 Regular
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CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 23 base for
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CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 25 d. The i
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CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 27 (12) a.
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CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 29 linguist
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CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 31 Introspe
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CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 35 they con
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CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 37 meaning
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Chapter 2 A Frame Semantic Analysis
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CHAPTER 2. A FRAME SEMANTIC ANALYSI
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CHAPTER 6. FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIO
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 239 Bierwisch, Manfred
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 241 ||, & B.T.S. Atkin
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 243 ||. 1990. The inva
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 245 Osgood, C.E. 1970.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 247 Wasow, Thomas. 198
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Appendix A Additional Corpus Exampl
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APPENDIX A. ADDITIONAL CORPUS EXAMP
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APPENDIX A. ADDITIONAL CORPUS EXAMP
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APPENDIX B. SUMMARY OF MORPHOLOGY A
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APPENDIX C. EXPERIMENT 1 257 Recogn
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APPENDIX C. EXPERIMENT 1 259 to lea
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APPENDIX C. EXPERIMENT 1 261 At the
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Appendix D Stimuli for Experiments
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APPENDIX D. STIMULI FOR EXPERIMENTS
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Index activation, 13, 136, 137, 231
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INDEX 277 description, 82 see proce
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INDEX 279 173{178, 186, 190{192, 20
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