Seeing clearly: Frame Semantic, Psycholinguistic, and Cross ...

CHAPTER 5. WHAT THE DICTIONARIES SAY 206
Included in (401-f) are setting (401-f-i) and three examples of experience, all of
which are idiomatic in di erent ways, and none of which involve the usual direct objects for
this sense, such ascombat, use, service, etc. Although the rst two translations given, miru
and mokugeki suru both involve physical vision, only one of the examples does (401-f-ii);
the last two translations will t most examples of this sense better.
Most of the examples in (401-g) are of discourse or recognize. (401-g-vi) and
(401-g-vii) appear to be obsolete slang. The worst example of this is found in (401-p),
meaning `to bribe', which also appears in the OED entry for see, which in turn cites a
1911 edition of Webster's Dictionary! (401-g-iv) is an instance of classify; this sense is
scattered across the sub-entries, e.g. (401-h) contains one example of recognize and two of
classify, which participate in a larger pattern to be discussed below.
Sub-entry (401-i) provides the clearest cases of miru, where the pragmatics of the
situations requires active looking. (401-j) is our determine, (401-k) ensure, and (401-m)
accompany. In (401-l), the rst three examples have to do with making judgements, and
can probably be considered classify even though they are not of the patterns see X as Y
or see Y in X . (401-l-iv) is wonderfully ambiguous and deserves its own discussion along
with the collocation see about it (403-j); bothhave many uses depending on pragmatics.
Example (401-n-i) is probably envision, but could be recognize if we believe
that poets see a reality that most people overlook.
Most of the \intransitive" sub-entries have already been discussed in passing, so
we will only note a few more points here. (402-b) consists mainly of examples of recog-
nize; the null instantiation of the seen means that many of them refer to the immediate
context, especially the discourse context, and so they can be further categorized as dis-
course. (402-c) is really a combination of see through and see into. (402-f) also seems to
be determine, like (402-e); (402-g) is apparently an error|at least it is not acceptable or
familiar to any of the American or British speakers I have consulted.
One might quibble about some of the more obscure collocations that have been
included, such as (403-f) and (403-s), but at least a fair selection has been made from the
hundreds which could have beenchosen. See the old year out and the new year in (403-n)
is found here (and in some other bilingual dictionaries) but not in the much larger W3NI.
It is odd to nd see here (403-m) agged as \American", since it seems at least as common
in British English as in American.
In summary, the Kenkyusha treatment ofsee is remarkably complete and, except