Seeing clearly: Frame Semantic, Psycholinguistic, and Cross ...

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CHAPTER 5. WHAT THE DICTIONARIES SAY 204 Tsutsui (1986) for a comparison between mieru and the regular potential form mirareru). A similar pattern occurs with kikoeru `hear', as shown in Ex. (405). (404) a. Watashi wa mainichi yama o miru. b. I TOP every.day mountain ACC look c. I look at the mountain(s) every day. d. Watashi (ni) wa mainichi yama ga mieru. e. I(DAT) TOP every.day mountain GA see.POT f. I (can) see the mountain(s) every day. (405) a. Watashi (ni) wa torinokoe ga kikoeru. b. I(DAT) TOP bird POS voice GA hear.POT c. I (can) hear the bird. We will nd that senses of English see that are simple experiencer-stimulus situations will usually be expressed with mieru, those that emphasize active looking will use miru, and those that do not require physical vision will usually use neither. Like other dictionaries, the entry for see is divided into three sections, transitive, intransitive, and collocations, apparently for reasons of tradition. As in other dictionaries discussed above, we nd that the rst sense under \v.i." (402-a) is our faculty, while most of the others are distinguished from corresponding senses under \v.t." only by virtue of the null instantiation of their direct objects. In the case of (402-d) the equivalence to (401-k) is noted by the lexicographers, but (402-e) and (401-j) are equally close. Most of our senses are represented in this entry, aswecanseeinTable 5.1. As before, however, we also nd a considerable variety within the sub-entries; I will discuss them in order: In (401-a), the rst two examples are eye, but the last is vide, with the imperative form of miru. (401-b) is our sense hallucinate, with cross-references to the entries for conventional hallucinated NPs, \things", snakes and stars. (401-c) combines spectate and tour, both basically eye composed with the semantics of the seen. Sub-entry (401-d) covers our sense visit, withavariety of expressions. In fact, Japanese has a large variety of expressions for types of social interaction; it is di cult to quantify, but there seem to be ner distinctions than English customarily makes with regard to the relative social status of the participants, the pre-arrangement orlack thereof, the
CHAPTER 5. WHAT THE DICTIONARIES SAY 205 Sense Sub-entry accompany (401-m) audience (401-d) classify (401-l) consult (401-e) determine (401-j) ensure (401-k) envision (401-n) experience (401-f) eye (401-a),(401-i) faculty (402-a) hallucinate (401-b) discourse (402-b) recognize (401-g),(401-h) setting (401-f) spectate (401-c) tour (401-c) vide (401-a-iii) visit (401-d) Table 5.1: Senses and Sub-entries in Kenkyusha English-Japanese Dictionary purpose of the visit, etc. Thus, our senses visit, consult, and audience will correspond to many Japanese expressions, some of which appear in (401-d) and (401-e). Without going into too much detail, we can take note of the following: the simple verb au `meet' (401-d), a polite form derived from it oai suru `HON.meet do' (401-d-i), and the humble verb omikake suru `HON.eye.attach do' (401-d-iv), all of which would generally have to be translated into English using the word see and expressing the social connotations periphrastically, i.e., have the honor of seeing, have the pleasure ofseeing, etc. 4 In (401-e) we nd mimau `to visit someone who is in distress' (in a hospital, refugee camp, etc.), tazuneru `make a social visit' and mite morau. The last of these is morphologically `see-TE receive', where TE can indicate progressive aspect, sequential actions, or a number of other meanings. It appears that see adoctor gets translated with mite morau, but not see my lawyer or see the manager, because it is not necessary for them to physically examine the consulter (cf. Chapter 2, senses consult on page 70 and audience on page 100). 4 Some very polite Japanese may bevery di cult to express; attempts at \literal" translation are often ludicrous, your honorable grandson, We are deeply obligated to you for the honor of your presence atour poor shack, etc.
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Seeing clearly: Frame Semantic, Psy
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Seeing clearly: Frame Semantic, Psy
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Next three psycholinguistic experim
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BasicSenses........................
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Acknowledgements Careful citations
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acquisition. Aside from needing to
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Chapter 1 Introduction Xue er bu s,
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CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 3 In lingui
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CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 37 meaning
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Chapter 2 A Frame Semantic Analysis
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CHAPTER 2. A FRAME SEMANTIC ANALYSI
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Chapter 3 Other Cognitive Approache
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CHAPTER 3. OTHER COGNITIVE APPROACH
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Semantics of Seer entity setting ph
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Page 251 and 252: BIBLIOGRAPHY 239 Bierwisch, Manfred
Page 253 and 254: BIBLIOGRAPHY 241 ||, & B.T.S. Atkin
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Page 257 and 258: BIBLIOGRAPHY 245 Osgood, C.E. 1970.
Page 259 and 260: BIBLIOGRAPHY 247 Wasow, Thomas. 198
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APPENDIX B. SUMMARY OF MORPHOLOGY A
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APPENDIX C. EXPERIMENT 1 257 Recogn
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APPENDIX C. EXPERIMENT 1 261 At the
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Appendix D Stimuli for Experiments
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APPENDIX D. STIMULI FOR EXPERIMENTS
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Index activation, 13, 136, 137, 231
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INDEX 277 description, 82 see proce
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INDEX 279 173{178, 186, 190{192, 20
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