Seeing clearly: Frame Semantic, Psycholinguistic, and Cross ...

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CHAPTER 2. A FRAME SEMANTIC ANALYSIS 58 to be imagined (envision), items to be read, performances to be watched, etc. Abstract states and processes can also be expressed as nominals, with accompanying arguments (e.g. see the di culty of doing it perfectly, see her success as a stockbroker). (27) a. determine: Let's see what he does. b. recognize: She saw what he had done. c. envision: I can just see what he must be doing now. VPs that take WH-complements can express an unusual combination of senses as in Ex. (27) but that is because they are often free relatives, usually functionally equivalent to NPs, as in Ex. (27-b) and Ex. (27-c). True indirect questions, including clauses introduced by if or whether work only for the sense determine. Ihave included in classify the patterns see X as Y, see Y in X, and see inX Y, as they are very similar semantically (cf. Ex. (10) on page 50). All three patterns are speci c constructions for this sense, although the latter two are of course identical in form with a simple locative, e.g. to see hisgrandmother in his daughter vs. to see hisgrandmother in his garden. The order of the NP and the PP[in] seems to be determined by \heavy NP shift", and the PP[in] can also be located at the beginning of the clause. 2.4 Semantics Merely presenting a list of senses like the one given in Section 2.3 above, while a useful rst step, does little to elucidate their interrelations. Yet there does seem to be some structure to the senses; for example, understanding something about how the senses are related to each other should help us understand what a learner of English (as either a rst or second language) must learn separately about each sense of the verb and what is more general. 7 There can be little doubt that the most common sense is eye; as noted above, more than a third of the corpus examples fall into this category. recognize is another frequent sense. Thus we would predict, for example, that if speakers of English were asked to give examples of a typical sentence with see, examples of eye would be the most frequent, recognize would be somewhat less frequent, and sentences with senses such assetting 7 Later in this chapter, I will make some of these relationships much more explicit in terms of inheritance among frames; Chapter 4 will provide evidence about central vs. peripheral senses.
CHAPTER 2. A FRAME SEMANTIC ANALYSIS 59 would be quite rare. The most typical senses will also be those that are shared by the largest number of speakers, while some of the less common senses may not even be familiar to all members of a speech community. For example, speakers who rarely play card games may not be familiar with the gambling sense, and some speakers with less formal education are unfamiliar with the setting sense. As Rhodes (n.d.) has noted, the less typical senses not only tend to have many restrictions on their use but also carry with them more presuppositions. For example, the gambling sense is normally used only in speaking, in the midst of a card game on which money is wagered, the subject is normally the speaker, the direct object is a sum of money, the tense is usually present or future, it is a performative, cannot be negated, etc. Conversely, the most basic sense, eye, can be used in any tense or person, in the a rmative or negative, with or without modals, the object can be almost any physical object, etc. In discussing the relations among the senses, we will start with the most typical ones and work gradually away from them. The Event Structure of Seeing From our common experience as human beings, it seems reasonable to assume that the prototypical use of see is to describe an event in which the following are true: a human being sees a physical object with the eyes, the seer is aware of seeing, the image or percept corresponds directly with a physical object present in the real world within the seer's visual eld, the eyes of the seer function normally, there is adequate light and no obstruction of vision, the seer correctly categorizes (recognizes) the object seen, and comes to hold some true beliefs about the world (e.g. that seen exists in a certain location and has certain properties such as a color and a size) as a result of this process. At the very least, we can consider this event to be composed of two sub-events, perceiving and coming to know; the former is typically punctual, telic, and resultative, while the latter is inchoative, a transition into the state of knowing or believing. Many senses contain something of both of these sub-events, but senses will di er with regard to the relative importance of the two; in particular, when the latter is emphasized, as in senses like recognize and condition, the direct object of the verb is more abstract (e.g. a proposition or state) and more mental processing is implied, which requires the
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Seeing clearly: Frame Semantic, Psy
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Seeing clearly: Frame Semantic, Psy
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Next three psycholinguistic experim
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BasicSenses........................
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Acknowledgements Careful citations
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acquisition. Aside from needing to
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Chapter 1 Introduction Xue er bu s,
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CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 3 In lingui
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Chapter 3 Other Cognitive Approache
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CHAPTER 3. OTHER COGNITIVE APPROACH
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Semantics of Seer entity setting ph
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CHAPTER 4. PSYCHOLINGUISTIC EXPERIM
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CHAPTER 5. WHAT THE DICTIONARIES SA
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CHAPTER 6. FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIO
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 239 Bierwisch, Manfred
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 241 ||, & B.T.S. Atkin
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 243 ||. 1990. The inva
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 245 Osgood, C.E. 1970.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 247 Wasow, Thomas. 198
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Appendix A Additional Corpus Exampl
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APPENDIX A. ADDITIONAL CORPUS EXAMP
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APPENDIX A. ADDITIONAL CORPUS EXAMP
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APPENDIX B. SUMMARY OF MORPHOLOGY A
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APPENDIX C. EXPERIMENT 1 257 Recogn
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APPENDIX C. EXPERIMENT 1 259 to lea
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APPENDIX C. EXPERIMENT 1 261 At the
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Appendix D Stimuli for Experiments
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APPENDIX D. STIMULI FOR EXPERIMENTS
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Index activation, 13, 136, 137, 231
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INDEX 277 description, 82 see proce
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INDEX 279 173{178, 186, 190{192, 20
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