Seeing clearly: Frame Semantic, Psycholinguistic, and Cross ...

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CHAPTER 4. PSYCHOLINGUISTIC EXPERIMENTS 150 3. Repeat this procedure, until combining categories produces no more improvement. Depending on the data, this may be before all categories are merged. The order of combining can be represented as a tree, with the branchings at the bottom of the tree representing the categories with the most overlap. The height of each branching represents the new level of agreement produced by combining the categories below. The clusters can be thought as re ecting the speakers' hierarchy ofmental represen- tations in this semantic space. That is, distinctions within clusters are more di cult than distinctions between them. 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.85 EXPERIENCE SETTING 0.80 .92 DETERMINE .88 ENSURE EYE FACULTY Initial kappa = 0.74 .90 RECOGNIZE Figure 4.2: Experiment 2. Clustering of Senses Based on Increasing Agreement Fig. 4.2 shows the results of clustering on the basis of overall agreement between subjects (measured bykappa). Three clusters are noticeable (in order of decreasing overlap), eye/ faculty, experience/ setting, anddetermine/ ensure/ recognize. While
CHAPTER 4. PSYCHOLINGUISTIC EXPERIMENTS 151 these clusters were not foreseen by the experimenters, they can be motivated on the basis of the semantics of the arguments of the verb. experience and setting are the only senses in the experiment which allow non-sentient seers (which must be the subjects of the verb). determine, ensure, and recognize are the only senses which allow propositions as the seen. eye and faculty, of course, both require physical vision and a physical object as the seen, while none of the other ve senses do. Timed Tasks (Lexical Decision and Categorial Judgement) The data for the Lexical Decision task and the Categorial Judgement task are still being analyzed, but some preliminary results can be stated here. First, regarding the accuracy of responses, we have found quite a high percentage of \correct" responses in the Categorial Judgement task, i.e. simple agreement between the subjects' response and the category intended by the experimenters; the median is 92% agreement (Q1 = 87%, Q3 = 96%). With regard to reaction time measurements, the priming e ects expected on the basis of Williams (1992) and similar experiments are very small (less than 50 milliseconds). Our measurement of reaction times is subject to an error of approximately 16 ms., due to the polling frequency of the Macintosh keyboard. This error will tend to be random, masking the e ects we are seeking, but accumulating data from a su cient number of subjects should overcome this problem. All reaction time data was rst standardized on the basis of all the scores of that subject on that task, either Lexical Decision (LD) or Categorial Judgement (CJ), so that the mean of the standardized scores would be 100 and the standard deviation 10. This allows comparisons of scores adjusted the individual subjects' overall reaction speeds and variability. First, let us look at the standardized reaction times for \correct" responses to the situation in which the prime and the probe match foreach of the 2 tasks, which are shown in Table 4.5 on the following page. The rows are sorted to put the standardized RTs on the categorial judgement task in ascending order. Since there are clearly di erences according to sense, paired t-tests were performed to test the signi cance of the di erence between each pair of senses, using two di erent methods of handling missing cases, listwise deletion and analysis-by-analysis. Looking rst at the categorial judgement task, the values of t
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Seeing clearly: Frame Semantic, Psy
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Seeing clearly: Frame Semantic, Psy
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Next three psycholinguistic experim
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BasicSenses........................
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Acknowledgements Careful citations
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acquisition. Aside from needing to
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Chapter 1 Introduction Xue er bu s,
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CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 3 In lingui
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CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 5 Although
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CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 7 part on t
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CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 9 is not cl
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CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 11 1980:10-
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CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 13 L.U. Lex
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CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 15 spondenc
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CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 17 happy an
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CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 19 shows th
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CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 21 Regular
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CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 23 base for
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CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 25 d. The i
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CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 27 (12) a.
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CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 29 linguist
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CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 31 Introspe
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CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 33 on the o
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CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 35 they con
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CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 37 meaning
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Chapter 2 A Frame Semantic Analysis
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CHAPTER 2. A FRAME SEMANTIC ANALYSI
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CHAPTER 6. FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIO
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 239 Bierwisch, Manfred
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 241 ||, & B.T.S. Atkin
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 243 ||. 1990. The inva
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 245 Osgood, C.E. 1970.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 247 Wasow, Thomas. 198
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Appendix A Additional Corpus Exampl
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APPENDIX A. ADDITIONAL CORPUS EXAMP
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APPENDIX A. ADDITIONAL CORPUS EXAMP
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APPENDIX B. SUMMARY OF MORPHOLOGY A
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APPENDIX C. EXPERIMENT 1 257 Recogn
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APPENDIX C. EXPERIMENT 1 259 to lea
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APPENDIX C. EXPERIMENT 1 261 At the
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Appendix D Stimuli for Experiments
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APPENDIX D. STIMULI FOR EXPERIMENTS
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Index activation, 13, 136, 137, 231
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INDEX 277 description, 82 see proce
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INDEX 279 173{178, 186, 190{192, 20
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