Seeing clearly: Frame Semantic, Psycholinguistic, and Cross ...

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CHAPTER 5. WHAT THE DICTIONARIES SAY 220 Cross-linguistic Comparisons of Translations As I discussed in Section 1.2, certain groups of events tend to co-occur everywhere in the world, and the resulting correlations in human experience form the basis of much linguistic categorization; I further argued in Chapter 2 that such a natural tendency to co-occur lies behind the connection between eye and recognize. Now, with translations of separate senses in bilingual dictionaries, we can look at how the di erent senses are lexicalized in di erent languages, and perhaps answer the question as to which relations among senses are natural extensions based on natural co-occurrences of events which would be true for all cultures, and which are language-speci c facts. Unfortunately, aswehave seen, just as in the monolingual English dictionaries, the example sentences under a sense heading in a bilingual dictionary do not necessarily belong to that sense according to our de nition. I have therefore analyzed the material from the bilingual dictionaries in a second way, by categorizing each of the example sentences into one of our senses, regardless of where it appears in the entry, and creating tables showing the translations given for each example. Such a table for the Collins Spanish dictionary is shown in Table 5.9 on page 222; the columns represent our sense divisions, and the rows, the various translations given in the 64 examples in this dictionary. Wehave organized the senses into four broad categories: 1. basic vision (faculty, process, vide) 2. visiting (audience, consult, visit) 3. ensure (ensure) 4. cognitive (classify, discourse,recognize) The remaining senses are shown in the next division of the table, and example sentences whose meaning depends on collocations we have previously discussed or other idioms are shown in the last division. The vertical lines in the tables show these divisions, with the double line in the middle of the table dividing the four meaningful divisions on the left from the arbitrary ones on the right. Insofar as possible, we have tried to to make the same divisions according to the meanings of the translation equivalents, which are shown in the rows of table. Those example sentences which do not contain any word or phrase
CHAPTER 5. WHAT THE DICTIONARIES SAY 221 which can be properly said to be a translation of the English word see appear in the row entitled \No equivalent". Now let us consider the extent to which the patterns of sense extension found in the English verb see are found in Spanish. First we notice that all of the examples of basic vision, including eye itself, are translated with ver, and the majority of the instances of ver are in this category. There can, therefore, be no question as to the basic meaning of ver. But we also nd two instances of ver in the visit category, three in the cognition category, and examples under our senses determine, experience, andnews, a range of meaning not unlike that of see in English. Two of the expressions for \point of view" also use ver and the related noun, vista. (At least two more examples, the last two in the visit some entry, could also be expressed informally with ver, as
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Seeing clearly: Frame Semantic, Psy
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Seeing clearly: Frame Semantic, Psy
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Next three psycholinguistic experim
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BasicSenses........................
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Acknowledgements Careful citations
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acquisition. Aside from needing to
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Chapter 1 Introduction Xue er bu s,
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CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 3 In lingui
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CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 37 meaning
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Chapter 2 A Frame Semantic Analysis
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CHAPTER 2. A FRAME SEMANTIC ANALYSI
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Chapter 3 Other Cognitive Approache
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CHAPTER 3. OTHER COGNITIVE APPROACH
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Semantics of Seer entity setting ph
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Page 251 and 252: BIBLIOGRAPHY 239 Bierwisch, Manfred
Page 253 and 254: BIBLIOGRAPHY 241 ||, & B.T.S. Atkin
Page 255 and 256: BIBLIOGRAPHY 243 ||. 1990. The inva
Page 257 and 258: BIBLIOGRAPHY 245 Osgood, C.E. 1970.
Page 259 and 260: BIBLIOGRAPHY 247 Wasow, Thomas. 198
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APPENDIX D. STIMULI FOR EXPERIMENTS
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APPENDIX D. STIMULI FOR EXPERIMENTS
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Index activation, 13, 136, 137, 231
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INDEX 277 description, 82 see proce
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INDEX 279 173{178, 186, 190{192, 20
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