Seeing clearly: Frame Semantic, Psycholinguistic, and Cross ...

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CHAPTER 5. WHAT THE DICTIONARIES SAY 172 (b) slang, of a bronco rider: to bounce high in the saddle so that daylight can be seen between the rider and the saddle 17. see for dial chie y Eng. to look for 18. see one's way to nd a course of action possible or reasonable think I can see my way to lending you 10 dollars 19. see red to become enraged: lose control of oneself has an insulting manner that makes others see red 20. see the elephant slang. to gain experience of the world 21. see through to see the true meaning, nature, or character of pride themselves on seeing through the motives of politicians|Times Lit. Supp. we have seen through the environment theory as we saw through the race theory| A.J.Toynbee 22. see to to take care of : attend to saw to the education of the children|Nancy Mitford 23. see to it to make certain by taking necessary or appropriate action saw to it that the men in the armed services received higher pay|Current Biog. Webster's Third New International|Discussion We will rst study Webster's Third New International Dictionary (W3NI, Gove 1993), as an example of a monolingual dictionary, because it is one of the most authoritative dictionaries of English, and the entry for see is one of the longest and most detailed to be found. We nd that most of the senses and \sub-senses" listed in the entry correspond to senses which wehave described in Chapter 2, although the relationship is far from one- to-one. The reasons for the imperfect correspondence between the W3NI and our earlier analysis will become clear as we discuss the entry in detail. As noted in Section 2.6, see participates in dozens of collocations (some of which were discussed in that chapter); even this large unabridged dictionary includes only ten of them. We will discuss only those whose de nitions and/or examples are linguistically interesting.
CHAPTER 5. WHAT THE DICTIONARIES SAY 173 The rst sense (1a), corresponds to our eye, the most basic sense. The de nition of the next sub-sense begs the question of exactly what sort of perception is meant; it is obviously not simple vision, but is it the recognition of physical objects with the hands or amarvelous sensitivity to social relations? Neither the example sentence nor the de nition makes it clear. The next sub-sense, however, (1c), probably is lexicalized, our sense scan. Although no de nition is given for the top level sense which includes all three of these sub-senses, we note that all involve physical vision, with eyes or other systems. No such unity can be found among the senses listed under (2). (2a) corresponds closely to our sense experience, and (2c) corresponds to our sense determine. (2b) seems rather similar to (3c), corresponding to our sense recognize, except that the example which is given for (2b) is itself idiomatic (re ected in the omission of the article before the count noun cause), perhaps related to the family of uses/senses see noreason to, see noneed to, etc., discussed in Section 3.4 on page 121. (2d) and (2e), at least to judge by the examples, are temporal and locative versions respectively of our sense setting; the semantics of the temporal and the locative seem close enough not to require separate senses. The example given in (2d) could be an example of \be marked by", but it does not seem to t the de nition \give rise to", unless one conceives of \glacial times" as actively fostering human evolution. There may well have been a stage in the development ofthesetting sense in which \PLACE saw EVENT" was metonymic for \PEOPLE in PLACE saw EVENT". But it now has an independent existence, as shown by this example; by de nition, there were no people outside of our \ancestral stock" to witness its triumph. Also, note that in (2e), the synonym WITNESS is itself ambiguous between a sense like eye/process and a sense like setting, in addition to its legal senses. Such a range of meaning seems to be language speci c; the nearest equivalents in Spanish, Chinese, and Japanese do not have a similar range. (3) can be considered mainly a mixture of examples of our senses envision and recognize. (3a), (3d), and (3g) are all envision. Note that the irrealis semantics charac- teristic of envision can be expressed in various ways, by can plus the negative, metaphor- ically by the day when, use with the future tense (will not try), in his dreams. etc. The choice of one out of several linguistic forms to express a given situation conveys additional information by conversational implicature (Levinson 1983:132-147). In this case, the use of can at all rather than nothing suggests that the ability to see something is in doubt. Furthermore, one of the non-negated can's is clearly a rhetorical question (can you see
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Seeing clearly: Frame Semantic, Psy
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Seeing clearly: Frame Semantic, Psy
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Next three psycholinguistic experim
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BasicSenses........................
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Acknowledgements Careful citations
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acquisition. Aside from needing to
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Chapter 1 Introduction Xue er bu s,
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CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 3 In lingui
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CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 5 Although
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CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 7 part on t
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CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 9 is not cl
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CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 11 1980:10-
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CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 13 L.U. Lex
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CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 15 spondenc
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CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 17 happy an
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CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 19 shows th
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CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 21 Regular
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CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 23 base for
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CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 25 d. The i
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CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 27 (12) a.
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CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 29 linguist
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CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 31 Introspe
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CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 33 on the o
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CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 35 they con
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CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 37 meaning
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Chapter 2 A Frame Semantic Analysis
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CHAPTER 2. A FRAME SEMANTIC ANALYSI
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Chapter 3 Other Cognitive Approache
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CHAPTER 3. OTHER COGNITIVE APPROACH
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CHAPTER 6. FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIO
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 239 Bierwisch, Manfred
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 241 ||, & B.T.S. Atkin
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 243 ||. 1990. The inva
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 245 Osgood, C.E. 1970.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 247 Wasow, Thomas. 198
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Appendix A Additional Corpus Exampl
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APPENDIX A. ADDITIONAL CORPUS EXAMP
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APPENDIX A. ADDITIONAL CORPUS EXAMP
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APPENDIX B. SUMMARY OF MORPHOLOGY A
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APPENDIX C. EXPERIMENT 1 257 Recogn
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APPENDIX C. EXPERIMENT 1 259 to lea
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APPENDIX C. EXPERIMENT 1 261 At the
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Appendix D Stimuli for Experiments
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APPENDIX D. STIMULI FOR EXPERIMENTS
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Index activation, 13, 136, 137, 231
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INDEX 277 description, 82 see proce
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INDEX 279 173{178, 186, 190{192, 20
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