Seeing clearly: Frame Semantic, Psycholinguistic, and Cross ...

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Contents Preface vii Outline of the Structure of the Thesis ........................ viii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 The Research Question.............................. 1 1.2 The Domain of Linguistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Semantics and World Knowledge ........................ 4 Frame Semantics, Construction Grammar, and Other Formalisms . . . . . . 5 Concepts, Categories, and De nitions ..................... 7 Folk Models of Language and the Lexicon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 1.3 Structures of the Lexicon ............................ 12 De nitions of Terms ............................... 12 Tests for Lexical Ambiguity ........................... 15 Distinguishing Monosemy, Polysemy and Homonymy ............. 18 Regular Polysemy ................................ 21 Irregular Polysemy ................................ 24 1.4 An Example of Possible Polysemy: Crawl ................... 24 1.5 Other Types of Evidence for Lexical Semantics ................ 27 Types of Linguistic Data and Collection Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Some Major Types of Evidence and Their Uses in Lexical Semantics . . . . 33 1.6 The Polysemy ofSee ............................... 36 2 AFrame Semantic Analysis 39 2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 2.2 The Seeing Frame ................................ 40 2.3 A Sense-Enumerative Approach ......................... 44 Brief List of Senses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Traditional Tests for Sense Di erences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Co-occurrence of Complement Patterns with Senses ............. 55 2.4 Semantics ..................................... 58 The Event Structure of Seeing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 2.5 Detailed Frames and Descriptions for Senses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 iii
BasicSenses.................................... 63 Semi-collocations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 Compositional Uses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 2.6 Collocations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Examples of Collocations ............................ 105 2.7 Some Recalcitrant Data ............................. 109 2.8 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 3 Other Cognitive Approaches 111 3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 3.2 AMental Spaces Approach to the Semantics of the seen ........... 112 3.3 The Semantics of Motion Expressions with See ................ 119 3.4 A Brief Discussion of Two Complex Idioms .................. 121 Envisionment and Classi cation as Reality ................... 121 \Would rather see him hanged" and Related Patterns ............ 123 3.5 Senses as a Function of the Semantic Types of Arguments.......... 124 3.6 Uni cation and Re exives ............................ 126 3.7 Conclusion .................................... 131 4 Psycholinguistic Experiments 132 4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 On-line vs. O -line Methods .......................... 133 Previous Work on Priming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 Predictions .................................... 138 4.2 Experiment 1 ................................... 139 Method ...................................... 140 Statistical Measures of Agreement ....................... 141 Results and Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 4.3 Experiment 2 ................................... 144 Method ...................................... 144 Results and Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 4.4 Experiment 3 ................................... 153 Method ...................................... 153 Results and Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 4.5 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 5 What the Dictionaries Say 164 5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 5.2 Monolingual English Dictionaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 Webster's Third New International|Text ................... 167 Webster's Third New International|Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 Small English Dictionaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 5.3 Bilingual Dictionaries|Introduction ...................... 179 iv
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Page 9 and 10: Acknowledgements Careful citations
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CHAPTER 2. A FRAME SEMANTIC ANALYSI
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Chapter 3 Other Cognitive Approache
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CHAPTER 3. OTHER COGNITIVE APPROACH
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Semantics of Seer entity setting ph
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CHAPTER 4. PSYCHOLINGUISTIC EXPERIM
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CHAPTER 5. WHAT THE DICTIONARIES SA
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CHAPTER 6. FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIO
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 239 Bierwisch, Manfred
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 241 ||, & B.T.S. Atkin
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 243 ||. 1990. The inva
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 245 Osgood, C.E. 1970.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 247 Wasow, Thomas. 198
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Appendix A Additional Corpus Exampl
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APPENDIX A. ADDITIONAL CORPUS EXAMP
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APPENDIX A. ADDITIONAL CORPUS EXAMP
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APPENDIX B. SUMMARY OF MORPHOLOGY A
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APPENDIX C. EXPERIMENT 1 257 Recogn
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Appendix D Stimuli for Experiments
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APPENDIX D. STIMULI FOR EXPERIMENTS
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Index activation, 13, 136, 137, 231
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INDEX 277 description, 82 see proce
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INDEX 279 173{178, 186, 190{192, 20
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