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2336 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 1. Contd. Urtica urens L. Urticaceae kopriva grachka W herba 9: fever; based on sugar syrup Curcuma zedoaria L. Zingiberaceae zulumbat S, I rhizome 1: general strengthening; herbal pasta based on honey 2: stomach complaints and loss of appetite; pills based on dough 23: headache; herbal pasta based on honey 34: for heart problems and stomach ache; balsam based on brandy Zingiber officinale Rosc. Zingiberaceae isiot, dzhindzhifil, darifilfil S, I rhizome 23: headache; herbal pasta based on honey 25: purgative; herbal pasta based on honey 38: in fart a lot; herbal pasta based on honey. Diet. 42: in the cold of feed; compress based on rabbit skin 45: for problems in heart, eyes and ears 62: itchy skin on horse; mixture based on vinegar 76: body pain; ointment based on honey 80: in distress; herbal pasta based on honey 89: headache and toothache; compress, ointment 90: mouth sores; boil in vinegar; liquid used for gargling W, Wild; S, spice; C, cultivated in Bulgaria; O, ornamental; F, food, I, import plant or plant product; R, plant with religious importance; B, beverage. Mode of administration (recipe number: symptoms; preparation; use, etc.). Both species Rheum palmatum and Rheum raponticum (localized in Rila Mt.) are included in present recipes. The folk use of the second one is derived from the healing experience of the Rila Monastery monks and St. Ivan Rilski is the founder of Rila Monastery (Stranski, 1953; Nedelcheva, 2009). Plants used as spices are mainly biologically active components, but also determine the taste, aroma and colour of the final product. Among them are the most commonly used components in the folk remedies: clove (Syzigium aromaticum) - which has a very strong and distinct taste and flavor; mastic (Pistacia lentiscus) - specifically strong, slightly smoky, resin aroma, bitter and spicy taste, yellow colour; cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) specifically aroma and spicy taste; ginger (Zingiber officinale) with warming, sharp flavor and sharp taste, etc. All of them are well known in folk medicine in Europe and widely studied for their medicinal effect (Kwang-Geun and Takayuki, 2001; Dogan et al., 2004; Lev, 2006; Ayoola et al., 2008), as a natural dye sources (Dogan et al., 2003) and etc. Relatively less folk remedies contain onion (3) and garlic (2), which give sweet sour taste and strong specific flavor. This seems a bit strange if we bear in mind the significant role of these two plants in the diet of Bulgarians and their traditional use in the folk medicine. Peppermint is also not among the preferred flavors and ingredients. From the representatives of this genus only mint (2) is mentioned here, which is a widely used spice in the Bulgarian culinary traditions. Some researches show that the links between the taste perceptions and the medicinal uses of herbal drugs may be understood as bio-cultural phenomena rooted in the human physiology, and dependent on the individual experiences and culture (Pieroni and Torry, 2007). The established species that determine the taste of the medicines and are noted have been registered and investigated by the same authors. On the other hand, these results show that the relationships based on a source, referring to a particular historical period should be considered in its light. In the studied documentary source, traces of mysticism and superstition, which are an integral part of the folk medicine in the western countries (Europe) from this period, are not present. The made of amulets is not mentioned. As far as any visible impact here, it is from Arab and
14 7 1 15 1 35 17 16 Imported plants Spices Wild Religious Cultivated Bg Ornamental Food Bevarage Beverage Figure 6. The plant biodiversity in folk remedies according to their general usage, distribution and economical importance. Byzantine medicine. This confirms the opinion of many authors for the original and rational nature of the folk remedies from this period. Conclusion This study demonstrates how the old written sources can be used to collect information for: new medicinal plants and traditional folk remedies, historical information about the level of trade contacts and some socio-cultural processes in the society. The obtained data are analyzed by taking into account the historical fact regarding the period of the application of the treatment and the time of the creation and the printing of the text. Reading such a source is slow and requires multi-layered knowledge - botany, history and linguistics. The correct interpretation of the text requires knowledge of the relevant literature of the period such as “Lives of St. Ivan Rilski”, herbal books, sources about trade contacts and plant cultivation, linguistic literature, language dictionaries (Turkish, Russian, and Serbian), etc. This study contributes to the ethnobotanical studies in Bulgaria and on the Balkans, and presents data derived from a written source. The book “Cannon…” was first being studied to enlarge the knowledge of species used in the traditional medicine in the investigated period. The wide variety of folk remedies including mainly plants, mineral elements and other organic and inorganic Nedelcheva 2337 ingredients found by the study is consistent with the results of other authors about the rich traditional knowledge and practice in relation to medicinal plants and folk medicine. The use of many wild species of the Bulgarian flora in the folk remedies is well known by all previous studies. The significant participation of spices such as clove, cinnamon, mastic and ginger in folk remedies sheds new light on the list of species that are traditionally used in the folk medicine. The importance of these species, together with the presence of many organic and inorganic compounds, showed greater significance than previously suspected. The traditional use of medicinal plants is more precise and more oriented to the “East plants“than it was believed until now. Last but not the least, the ethnobotanical study on this book and the presented results support the thesis that it was founded on authentic recipes from the healing activity of St. Ivan Rilski, which has increased its historical value a lot. Some data that can be used as a proof for the link between the text and the knowledge of St. Ivan Rilski (in hagiography) is as follows: C. arietinum is the only plant that has been mentioned in various “Saint‟s Lives” as one used by the hermit. The same plant is a very common ingredient in recipes and is also used as a standard measure for the preparation of pills. Both species R. palmatum and R. raponticum (localized in Rila Mt.) are included in present recipes. The folk use
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Journal of Medicinal Plants Researc
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Editors Prof. Akah Peter Achunike E
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Electronic submission of manuscript
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Fees and Charges: Authors are requi
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Table of Contents: Volume 6 Number
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Figure 1. Chuanxiong Rhizoma (http:
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Table 1. Identification of main pea
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Table 3. Pharmacokinetic parameters
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active component study, many invest
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and 1185 kg ha -1 in the first site
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Table 1. Recommendation for use fer
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Sadanandan AK, Hamza S (1996c). Stu
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and it has been traced to South Ame
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Table 3. Results of phytochemical a
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(a) (b) (c) Figure 1. (a) Normal ce
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emedies in the south of Brazil. J.
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known fatty acids and terpenoids we
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Table 1. Renal function tests of ra
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Al-Radahe et al. 2271 Figure 3.nnnn
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namely disruption of the vascular e
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Zayachkivska OS, Konturek SJ, Drozd
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β-carotene were purchased from Sig
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Figure 1. Effect of ethanol concent
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Table 3. Climatic and soil factors
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content of polysaccharides. Phospha
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Page 61 and 62: Percentage inhibition % of inhibiti
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Page 65 and 66: Table 1. Result of phytochemical sc
Page 67 and 68: Table 3. Result of thin layer chrom
Page 71 and 72: Table 2. MIC of a compound 1 from c
Page 75 and 76: Zirihi et al. 2301 Figure 2. Termin
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Page 79 and 80: Figure 8. A. fumigatus: Aspect of c
Page 81 and 82: Figure 12. Sensitivity of A. fumiga
Page 85 and 86: Noormi et al. 2311 Table 1. Callus
Page 87 and 88: Table 2. Contd. NoC=No callus. 4.0
Page 89 and 90: Figure 2. Contd. at 2.0 mg/L yellow
Page 93 and 94: Table 1. Biochemical parameters in
Page 95 and 96: Figure 3. Bcl-xL reactions in inter
Page 97 and 98: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors would l
Page 99 and 100: Figure 1. The first page of the boo
Page 101 and 102: Figure 3. The most widely included
Page 103 and 104: Figure 4. Lithographic print “St.
Page 105 and 106: Table 1. List of plants included in
Page 107 and 108: Table 1. Contd. Nedelcheva 2333 Cin
Page 109: Table 1. Contd. Nedelcheva 2335 Rhe
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Page 117 and 118: DPPH inhibition (%) DPPH % inhibiti
Page 119 and 120: % Mortality Concentration (µg/ml)
Page 121 and 122: information on plants used for the
Page 123 and 124: Table 1. Levels of independent vari
Page 125 and 126: Arbutin (mg/g) Co-solvent Figure 1.
Page 129 and 130: Arbutin (mg/g) Extraction pressure
Page 131 and 132: Table 3. Arbuitn content of Asian p
Page 135 and 136: Arbutin (mg/g) Extraction pressure
Page 137 and 138: Arbutin (mg/g) Extraction temperatu
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Page 143 and 144: Darjazi 2369 Table 2. Statistical a
Page 145 and 146: Table 3. Correlation matrix (number
Page 149 and 150: Table 1. Precision test. extraction
Page 151 and 152: Figure 2. Effect of different alcoh
Page 153 and 154: Table 6. Results of ANOVA. Nie et a
Page 157 and 158: Table 2. Plant data and MIC values
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Table 3. Contd. AcOEt ++ ++ ++ - Me
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Figure 1. Map of Ladakh region of I
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Warghat et al. 2391 Table 3. Summar
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Table 5. Inter-Population genetic i
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Excoffier L, Smouse PE, Quattro JM
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ice residue is an ideal raw materia
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DPPH• scavenging ratio(%) OD valu
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scavenging effect on free radical a
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our new CL system. Fenton reaction
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1 2 Time (s) Figure 2. Kinetic curv
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Wong et al., 2006). It can be seen
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Pan YM, Liang Y, Wang HS, Liang M (
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2422 J. Med. Plants Res. close cano
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2424 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 1. M
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2426 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 1. C
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2432 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 2. D
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2434 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 6. T
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2436 J. Med. Plants Res. budget dur
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2440 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 1. R
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2442 J. Med. Plants Res. Stability
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2444 J. Med. Plants Res. production
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2446 J. Med. Plants Res. Figure 2.
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2450 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 2. A
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2452 J. Med. Plants Res. Ghasemi Pi
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2454 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 1. I
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2456 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 3. M
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2460 J. Med. Plants Res. Department
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2462 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 3. E
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2466 J. Med. Plants Res. AOAC (2000
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2470 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 1. F
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2472 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 3. S
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2480 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 1. W
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2486 J. Med. Plants Res. components
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2490 J. Med. Plants Res. Inhibition
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2494 J. Med. Plants Res. can increa
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2500 J. Med. Plants Res. Flowering
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2502 J. Med. Plants Res. harvest in
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2524 J. Med. Plants Res. ACKNOWLEDG
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UPCOMING CONFERENCES 15th European
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