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Table 4. Contd. Raal and Matto 2519 Hawthorn fruits (Crataegi fructus) 3.20 3.53 +0.33 Rosemary herb (Ledi herba) 3.06 3.50 +0.44 Cowberry leaves (Vitis-idaeae folium) 2.88 3.56 +0.68 Oregano herb (Origani herba) 2.88 3.40 +0.52 Coriander fruits (Coriandri fructus) 2.73 3.07 +0.34 Common thyme herb (Thymi herba) 2.44 2.88 +0.44 Valerian root (Valerianae radix) 2.31 2.88 +0.57 Birch leaves (Betulae folium) 2.13 2.44 +0.31 Oak bark (Quercus cortex) 2.13 2.75 +0.62 Yarrow herb (Millefolii herba) 1.94 2.31 +0.37 Tormentil rhizome (Tormentillae rhizoma) 1.44 2.25 +0.81 Bistort rhizome (Bistortae rhizoma) 1.43 1.69 +0.26 Sweet Flag rhizome (Calami rhizoma) 1.31 1.69 +0.38 Common motherwort herb (Leonuri herba) 1.19 1.50 +0.31 32 subjects tasted all herbal teas. *5-point taste scale (1=distasteful, 5=excellent taste). Rosemary herb, etc.). Prolongation of the extraction time of essential oil bearing or not containing plant material gives principally similar score reduction (Tables 2 and 3). Also sweetening of essential oil containing herbal teas did not improve their palatability remarkably more than in other herbal teas (Table 4). Analyzing effect of extraction time on palatability of herbal teas rich of tannins (such as Oak bark, Tormentil rhizome, Bistort rhizome, etc.) we did not saw so clear negative trend than, for example, in herbal teas made from St. John’s wort herb or German chamomile flowers, and several other drugs containing different constituents groups. So, the negative effect of tannins to palatability of herbal infusions seems to be overestimated. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that the distaste of the herbal teas is univocal. Contrary, the favorable palatability of herbal teas strongly depends on the taste perception of the particular subject while the time of extraction or addition of saccharose as a sweetener have only a minor effect on the palatability score. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The authors would like to thank all pharmacy students for collection of plant materials and for their support rendered in the laboratory. REFERENCES Boon H, Smith M (2004). The Complete Natural Medicine Guide to the 50 Most Common Medicinal Herbs, 2nd edition, Toronto: Robert Rose Inc. Büyükbalci A, El SN (2008). Determination of in vitro antidiabetic effects, antioxidant activities and phenol contents of some herbal teas. Plant Foods Hum. Nutr., 63(1): 27-33. Childs JL, Drake M (2010). Consumer perception of astringency in clear acidic whey protein beverages. J. Food Sci., 75(9): S513-S521. European Pharmacopoeia (2010). 7 th edition. Strasbourg, Council of Europe, 1: 244. Jones LM, Fontanini A, Katz DB (2006). Gustatory processing: a dynamic systems approach. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol., 16(4): 420-428. Kukk T, Kull T (2005). Atlas of the Estonian Flora, Tartu: The Estonian University of Agriculture Press. Macqueen CE, Taubert S, Cotter D, Stevens S, Frost GS (2003). Which commercial thickening agent do patients prefer? Dysphagia, 18(1): 46-52. Nayak A, Carpenter GH (2008). A physiological model of tea-induced astringency. Physiol. Behav., 95(3): 290-294. Orav A, Raal A, Arak E (2010). Content and composition of the essential oil of Chamomilla recutita (L.) Rauschert from some European countries. Nat. Prod. Res., 24(1): 48-55. Passe DH, Stofan JR, Rowe CL, Horswill CA, Murray R (2009). Exercise condition affects hedonic responses to sodium in a sport drink. Appetite, 52(3): 561-567. Passe DH, Horn M, Stofan J, Murray R (2004). Palatability and voluntary intake of sports beverages, diluted orange juice, and water during exercise. Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab., 14(3): 272-284. Raal A, Kuznetsova I (2007). The effect of the method and duration of extraction on the content of biologically active compounds in herbal teas. Proc. Est. Acad. Sci., 56(1): 53-56. Raal A, Orav A, Püssa T, Valner C, Malmiste B, Arak E (2012). Content of essential oil, terpenoids and polyphenols in commercial chamomile (Chamomilla recutita L. Rauschert) teas from different countries. Food Chem., 131(2): 632-638. Roefs A, Quaedackers L, Werrij MQ, Wolters G, Havermans R, Nederkoorn C, van Breukelen G, Jansen A (2006). The environment influences whether high-fat foods are associated with palatable or with unhealthy. Behav. Res. Ther., 44(5): 715-736. Sakai N, Kataoka F, Imada S (2001). Contrast effect in evaluating palatability of beverages. Percept. Mot. Skills, 93(3): 829-842. van Boekel M, Fogliano V, Pellegrini N, Stanton C, Scholz G, Lalljie S, Somoza V, Knorr D, Jasti PR, Eisenbrand G (2010). A review on the beneficial aspects of food processing. Mol. Nutr. Food Res., 54(9): 1215-1247. Weiss R, Fintelmann V (2001) .Weiss's Herbal Medicine, Classic Edition, N.Y.: Thieme Medical Publishers. Yarmolinsky DA, Zuker CS, Ryba NJ (2009). Common sense about taste: from mammals to insects. Cell, 139(2): 234-244. Yeomans MR, Blundell JE, Leshem M (2004). Palatability: response to nutritional need or need-free stimulation of appetite? Br. J. Nutr., 92(Suppl 1): S3-S14.
Journal of Medicinal Plants Research Vol. 6(12), pp. 2520-2525, 30 March, 2012 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/JMPR DOI: 10.5897/JMPR11.513 ISSN 1996-0875 ©2012 Academic Journals Full Length Research Paper Isolation and purification of terpenoids from Celastrus aculeatus Merr. by high-speed counter-current chromatography Yang Xie 1 , Zongbao Ding 2 , Wenjun Duan 2 and Qingsheng Ye 1 * 1 School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, People’s Republic of China. 2 School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, People’s Republic of China. Accepted 9 May, 2011 Following an initial clean-up step on a silica gel column, preparative high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) method was successfully established by using n-hexane–ethyl acetate– methanol–water (2.3:2:2:1.3, v/v) as the two phases solvent system to isolate and purify terpenoids from the stem and root bark of Celastrus aculeatus Merr. The isolation was done in less than 260 min and 2.5 mg of nimbidiol (I) and 3 mg of pristimerin (I I) were yielded from 250 mg of the crude extract with the purity of 95.0 and 97.1%, respectively, as determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Their structures were identified by using spectroscopic methods including ultraviolet (UV), electron ionization mass spectrometry (EI-MS), hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance 1 (HNMR) and 13 CNMR. Nimbidiol and pristimerin were isolated from C. aculeatus Merr for the first time. Key words: High-speed counter-current chromatography, terpeniods, nimbidiol, pristimerin, Celastrus aculeatus Merr. INTRODUCTION Celastrus aculeatus Merr.(Celastrus) (Guo et al., 2004; Kim et al., 1998; Jin et al., 2002; Westerheide et al., 2004) is a Chinese medicine that belongs to the family Celastraceae and the genus Celastrus. For centuries, roots, stems and leaves of C. aculeatus have been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, lower back pain and so on. However, up to now, few phytochemical studies on this plant have been described in the literature. In order to find out the bioactive components, we have studied the chemical components of C. aculeatus Merr. Some of the bioactive components are difficult to separate because of their low contents. Although preparative HPLC or silica gel column makes the isolation and purification much easier than before, the considerable loss of herbal material requires more efficient methods to provide bioactive components. *Corresponding author. E-mail: Ye-lab@scnu.edu.cn. Tel: 862085212021. Fax: 862085212021. Compared to conventional liquid-solid methods, HSCCC without a solid phase has more advantages. A supportfree liquid-liquid partition chromatographic technique eliminates such adsorption problems (Ito, 1981) has been widely used in preparative separation of natural products (Yang et al., 2009). In the present study, the HSCCC method was developed for the separation and purification of nimbidiol and pristimerin from C. aculeatus Merr. Their structures were elucidated with EI-MS, 1 HNMR and 13 CNMR. As far as we know, the two compounds were obtained from C. aculeatus Merr for the first time. METHODOLOGY Materials The roots and stems of C. aculeatus Merr.(were collected from Guangdong province of China). TBE-300 A high speed countercurrent chromatograph (Shanghai Tauto Biotech Company). HX- 1050 constant-temperature circulation implements (Beijing Byoikang Lab. Instrument Company). Waters symmetry C18 column
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Journal of Medicinal Plants Researc
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Editors Prof. Akah Peter Achunike E
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Electronic submission of manuscript
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Fees and Charges: Authors are requi
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Table of Contents: Volume 6 Number
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Figure 1. Chuanxiong Rhizoma (http:
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Table 1. Identification of main pea
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Table 3. Pharmacokinetic parameters
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active component study, many invest
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and 1185 kg ha -1 in the first site
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Table 1. Recommendation for use fer
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Sadanandan AK, Hamza S (1996c). Stu
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and it has been traced to South Ame
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Table 3. Results of phytochemical a
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(a) (b) (c) Figure 1. (a) Normal ce
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emedies in the south of Brazil. J.
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known fatty acids and terpenoids we
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Table 1. Renal function tests of ra
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Al-Radahe et al. 2271 Figure 3.nnnn
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namely disruption of the vascular e
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Zayachkivska OS, Konturek SJ, Drozd
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β-carotene were purchased from Sig
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Figure 1. Effect of ethanol concent
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Table 3. Climatic and soil factors
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content of polysaccharides. Phospha
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Serge et al. 2285 Table 1. Relative
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Percentage inhibition % of inhibiti
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Table 1. Result of phytochemical sc
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Table 3. Result of thin layer chrom
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Table 2. MIC of a compound 1 from c
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Zirihi et al. 2301 Figure 2. Termin
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Figure 5. T. catappa Linn. (Combret
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Figure 8. A. fumigatus: Aspect of c
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Figure 12. Sensitivity of A. fumiga
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Noormi et al. 2311 Table 1. Callus
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Table 2. Contd. NoC=No callus. 4.0
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Figure 2. Contd. at 2.0 mg/L yellow
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Table 1. Biochemical parameters in
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Figure 3. Bcl-xL reactions in inter
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors would l
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Figure 1. The first page of the boo
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Figure 3. The most widely included
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Figure 4. Lithographic print “St.
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Table 1. List of plants included in
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Table 1. Contd. Nedelcheva 2333 Cin
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Table 1. Contd. Nedelcheva 2335 Rhe
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14 7 1 15 1 35 17 16 Imported plant
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Academy of Science Publishing House
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et al., 1996; van Wyk and Gericke,
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DPPH inhibition (%) DPPH % inhibiti
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% Mortality Concentration (µg/ml)
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information on plants used for the
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Table 1. Levels of independent vari
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Arbutin (mg/g) Co-solvent Figure 1.
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Arbutin (mg/g) Extraction pressure
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Table 3. Arbuitn content of Asian p
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Arbutin (mg/g) Extraction pressure
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Arbutin (mg/g) Extraction temperatu
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Table 1. Chemical composition of es
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Darjazi 2369 Table 2. Statistical a
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Table 3. Correlation matrix (number
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Table 1. Precision test. extraction
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Figure 2. Effect of different alcoh
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Table 6. Results of ANOVA. Nie et a
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Table 2. Plant data and MIC values
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exhibiting the polar extracts of P.
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Table 3. Contd. AcOEt ++ ++ ++ - Me
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Figure 1. Map of Ladakh region of I
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Warghat et al. 2391 Table 3. Summar
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Table 5. Inter-Population genetic i
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Excoffier L, Smouse PE, Quattro JM
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ice residue is an ideal raw materia
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DPPH• scavenging ratio(%) OD valu
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scavenging effect on free radical a
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our new CL system. Fenton reaction
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1 2 Time (s) Figure 2. Kinetic curv
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Wong et al., 2006). It can be seen
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Pan YM, Liang Y, Wang HS, Liang M (
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2422 J. Med. Plants Res. close cano
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2442 J. Med. Plants Res. Stability
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2444 J. Med. Plants Res. production
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2460 J. Med. Plants Res. Department
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2466 J. Med. Plants Res. AOAC (2000
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