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Dong et al. 2282 Table 5. Correlation of main active components and fruit weights with eigenvectors of principal factors by rotation and multiple regression. Characters P a Extracted principle factors and equations b Polyphenols (%) 0.024 Y = +0.714 (X1) 2 , r = 0.964 Carrotenoids (%) 0.000 Y = +1.641 (X2) 3 , r = 0.826 Weight/100 fruits (g) 0.000 Y = -1.791(X2) 3 , r = 0.953 Pulp/100 fruits (g) 0.000 Y = -1.848 (X2) 3 , r = -0.963 Polysaccharides (%)* Y = -0.819 (X3) 3 , r =- 0.750 a : P value of the model by tests of KMO and Barteltt; b : X1 = SOM factor (%); X2 = accumulated temperature, frost-free days each year and altitude; X3 = available phosphorus; *: analyzed by linear regression independently. period (r = -0.8309, -0.7905, -0.8545, -0.7983, respectively), at the relatively high altitude, strong sunshine and high temperature variety between day and night are good for photosynthesis and accumulation of dried matters; polysaccharides was not significantly affected by other environmental factors but negatively correlated with soil available phosphorus (r = 0.75). Based on rotation and multiple regression analysis (Table 5), SOM was the principle factor for polyphenols contents (r = 0.964), effective cumulative temperature, frost-free period and altitude were the principle factors significantly affecting carotenoids contents, fruit weight and pulp weight (r = 0.826, 0.953 and 0.963, respectively). Altitude mainly leads to temperature-sunshine changes; so, effective cumulative temperature, frost-free period and altitude can be summed up as temperature-sunshine factor, namely, temperature-sunshine is the principle factor for carotenoids contents, fruit weight and pulp weight. DISCUSSION Genuineness of L. barbarum fruits and medicinal values In ancient traditional Chinese medicine system, Zhongning had been authenticated as the genuine producing area where the L. barbarum fruits were of the highest medicinal quality. In pharmacopoeia of China (2005), polysaccharides were authenticated as the main active components of L. barbarum fruits. In this study, L. barbarum fruits from Zhongning showed the highest content of polyphenols (2.9749%) and the highest antioxidant activity (56.82%) with high correlation (r = 0.968), which indicated that content of polyphenols in L. barbarum fruits can accurately reflect the anti-oxidant ability and confirmed that Zhongning is the genuine producing area for polyphenols. It was reported that more than 100 human diseases are correlated with oxidation caused by free radicals in the body (Gutteridge, 1993). L. barbarum fruits from Zhongning presented the highest content of polyphenols and the highest antioxidant activity; it may be the main reason for the genuineness of L. barbarum of Zhongning. L. barbarum fruits produced in different areas had different essential active components. Among the 8 producing areas, Zhongning proved to be the genuine area for polyphenols production, while polysaccharides genuine producing area was Jinghe, carotenoids genuine producing area was Julu, the highest fruit weight was from Numhon. Fruits from Zhongning contained the highest content of polyphenols, but the lowest content of polysaccharides in the 8 areas. So, polyphenols may be the really main active component rather than polysaccharides as for L. barbarum fruits from Zhongning. Since L. barbarum fruits of different areas showed different contents of the main active components, their main medicinal use should be consequently different. Take for example, vitamin A deficiency was a worldwide serious health problem, especially in Africa, South America, Central America, and Southeast Asia (Sommer et al., 1995). L. barbarum fruits of Julu should be the best choice for vitamin A supplementation because L. barbarum fruits of Julu have the significantly highest content of β-carotene which was the precursor in vitamin A synthesis in human body. While L. barbarum fruits of Jinghe should be the best choice for polysaccharides supplementation and extraction (Dong et al., 2008). Principle factors affecting the genuineness of L. barbarum fruits The optimal environmental factors for each active component are not the same, meaning that each active component has its own genuine producing area. Relatively low SOM is good for polyphenols accumulation; relatively high temperature and low ultraviolet in the sunshine are proper for carotenoids synthesis and accumulation, while low temperature is good for dried matter accumulation hence leading to higher pulp weight. The climatic factors, SOM and dissoluble salinity are not related with polysaccharides. Only soil available phosphorus significantly affected the
content of polysaccharides. Phosphate is mainly stored in membrane system in plants; deficiency of phosphate may lead to the membrane phosphate transferred to growth center, which resulted in degradation of phospholipids, while galactose acts as substitute for phospholipids to maintain the normal structure and functions of membrane (Kochlan et al., 2004). Sun et al. (1997) reported that 69% of polysaccharides composition in L. barbarum fruits was galactose, which confirmed the mechanism that deficiency of phosphorus leads to polysaccharides accumulation. Conclusion Extraction with UAE proved to be the proper sample preparation for L. barbarum fruits. β-carotene is the main component in carotenoids of L. barbarum fruits, which can be a good source for VAD functional food. Absolute ethanol is the best solvent for carotenoids extraction concerning safety and efficiency. A direct UV determination of carotenoids from absolute ethanol extracts of L. barbarum fruits is convenient and accurate. Contents of the main active components of L. barbarum fruits from the 8 areas were significantly different. So, medicinal values of L. barbarum fruits from different producing areas might not be the same. Polyphenols of L. barbarum fruits from Zhongning were the main active components rather than polysaccharides. L. barbarum fruits of Julu should be the best selection for carotenoids supplementation because of highest βcarotene content, while L. barbarum fruits from Jinghe containing the highest content of polysaccharides should be the best source for polysaccharides supplementation or extraction. Environmental factors have significant effects on genuineness and the main active components of L. barbarum fruits. The principle factors of polysaccharides, carotenoids and polyphenols are soil available phosphorus, temperature-sunshine and SOM, respectively. These principle factors provide a basis for scientific division of producing areas and quality control for L. barbarum. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This research was partially funded by CAS/SAFEA International Partnership Program for Creative Research Teams Project and Doctor Research Project (498012) of Hubei University for Nationalities, and Major Project of Wuhan Municipal Bureau of Agriculture (200720322099). We are grateful to anonymous reviewers and scientific editor for their critical review and valuable suggestions. REFERENCES Cabredo-Pinillos S, Cedrón-Fernández T, González-Briongos L, Puente- Pascual M, Sáenz-Barrio C (2006). Ultrasound-assisted extraction of Dong et al. 2283 volatile compounds from wine samples: Optimisation of the method. Talanta, 69(5): 1123-1129. Chao JC, Chiang SW, Wang CC, Tsai YH, Wu MS (2006). Hot waterextracted Lycium barbarum and Rehmannia glutinosa inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis of hepatocellular carcinoma cells. World J. 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Journal of Medicinal Plants Researc
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