Download Complete Issue - Academic Journals

More documents

Recommendations

Info

2390 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 1. Geographic localities and sample sizes of naturally distributed D. hatagirea. S/N Population name Population code Longitude Latitude Altitude (ft) Sample sizes 1 Bogdang P N34°48'.198 E77°02'.453 9240 ± 25.8 10 2 Skampuk Q N34°35'.238 E77°34'.481 10490 ± 17.4 15 3 Skurru R N34°40'.229 E77°18'.031 10295 ± 20.8 15 4 Hunder S N34°35'.043 E 77°28'.592 10357 ± 18.0 10 5 Turtuk T N34°50'.849 E76°49'.720 9240 ± 25.8 10 6 Tirith U N34°32'.378 E77°38'.481 10443 ± 26.9 10 7 Sumur V N34°31'.128 E77°34'.481 10120 ± 12.7 10 8 Changlung W N34°55'.884 E77°28'.276 10982 ± 39.7 10 9 Staksha X N34°55'.885 E77°28'.276 11081 ± 49.2 6 Table 2. List of primers used for RAPD amplification. Primer Primer sequence (5’ 3’) Total number of fragments amplified Percentage of polymorphic loci Resolving power S21 CAGGCCCTT C 597 100 12.44 S22 TGCCGAGCT G 545 100 11.35 S23 AGTCAGCCA C 341 100 7.10 S24 AATCAGCCA C 566 88.9 11.79 S25 AGGGGTCTT G 508 100 10.58 S26 GGTCCCTGA C 530 100 11.04 S27 GAAACGGGTG 423 100 8.81 S28 GTGACGTAG G 512 80 10.67 S29 GGGTAACGC C 362 100 7.54 S30 GTGATCGCA G 287 100 5.98 S31 CAATCGCCG T 485 100 10.10 S32 TCGGCGATA G 410 100 8.54 S33 CAGCACCCA C 558 100 11.63 S34 TCTGTGCTG G 455 100 9.48 S35 TTCCGAACC C 476 100 9.92 S36 AGCCAGCGA A 310 100 6.46 S37 GACCGCTTG T 459 100 9.56 S38 AGGTGACCG T 511 100 10.65 S39 CAAACGTCG G 380 100 7.91 S40 GTTGCGATC C 430 100 8.96 Total 9145 98.30 - each reaction before electrophoresis. After electrophoresis, the gels were documented on a gel documentation system (Alpha Innotech, Alphaimager, USA). Molecular size of the amplicon was estimated using 100 and 500 bp DNA ladders (‘Bangalore Genei.India’). Data analysis The resulting presence/absence binary data matrix was analyzed using POPGENE version 1.31 (Yeh et al., 1999). Jaccard’s similarity coefficient (J) was used to calculate genetic similarity between pair of individuals. The similarity matrix was subjected to cluster analysis by unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) using the SAHN clustering module and dendrogram was generated using the program NTSYS-pc software ver. 2.02 (Rohlf, 1992). POPGENE software version 1.31 was used to describe the structure of studied populations with their geographic location. Observed number of alleles (Na), effective number of alleles (Ne), Nei’s genetic diversity (H), Shannon’s information index (I), number of polymorphic loci (NPL) and percentage polymorphic loci (PPL) across were analyzed (Zhao et al., 2006). The non-parametric analysis of molecular variation (AMOVA) (Excoffier et al., 1992) was performed using squared Euclidean distances among all samples to partition the variation into two hierarchical levels; individual and population. GenAlEx software was used to calculate a principal coordinates analysis (PCA) that plots the relationship between distance matrix elements based on their first two principal coordinates (Peakall and Smouse, 2001). According to Prevost and Wilkinson (1999) the resolving power (Rp) of a primer is: Rp = Σ IB where IB (band informativeness) takes the value of: 1–[2* (0.5–P)], P being the proportion of the 96 genotypes
Warghat et al. 2391 Table 3. Summary of genetic variation statistics for all loci of RAPD among the Dactylorhiza populations with respect to their distribution. Markers Sampling sites Sample size H (mean + SD) I (mean + SD) PPL Bogdang 10 0.1184 ± 0.1706 0.1820 ± 0.2528 36.72 Skampuk 15 0.2346 ± 0.1647 0.3673 ± 0.2284 81.36 Skurru 15 0.1633 ± 0.1869 0.2499 ± 0.2704 51.41 Hunder 10 0.1925 ± 0.1791 0.2977 ± 0.2601 61.58 RAPD Turtuk 10 0.2216 ± 0.1909 0.3629 ± 0.2716 68.36 Tirith 10 0.2036 ± 0.1873 0.3109 ± 0.2689 62.15 Sumur 10 0.2068 ± 0.1884 0.3151 ± 0.2700 62.71 Changlung 10 0.1736 ± 0.1854 0.2666 ± 0.2679 54.80 Staksha 6 0.1375 ± 0.1881 0.2055 ± 0.2749 37.29 Mean 0.185767 0.284211 - H= Nei’s genetic diversity, I=Shannon’s information index, PPL= percentage of polymorphic loci. Table 4. Inter-population genetic distances calculated by Nei’s method. Population Staksha Changlung Sumur Tirith Turtuk Hunder Skurru Skampuk Bogdang Staksha **** 0.103 0.079 0.089 0.160 0.102 0.174 0.150 0.224 Changlung 0.118 **** 0.053 0.036 0.065 0.092 0.126 0.077 0.137 Sumur 0.095 0.068 **** 0.044 0.081 0.058 0.086 0.061 0.108 Tirith 0.105 a 0.051 0.060 **** 0.062 0.079 0.101 0.066 0.112 Turtuk 0.177 0.081 0.098 0.079 **** 0.090 0.118 a 0.051 0.129 Hunder 0.119 0.107 0.076 0.096 0.108 **** 0.084 0.067 0.135 Skurru 0.186 0.137 0.099 0.113 0.131 0.096 **** 0.042 0.072 Skampuk 0.166 0.092 0.077 0.082 0.068 0.084 0.053 **** 0.063 Bogdang a 0.236 0.148 0.121 0.124 0.142 0.148 0.080 0.075 **** Above diagonal values are Nei’s unbiased genetic distances, those below the diagonal are Nei’s genetic distances. a values in bold are maximum or minimum genetic distances. containing the band. Nei’s analysis of gene diversity among population (Nei, 1978) was carried out with counting total genetic diversity (Ht), within species diversity (Hs), genetic diversity between populations (Gst) and estimation of gene flow (Nm) from parameters. Fst index (Wright, 1951) was measured via this formula (Lynch and Milligan, 1994). RESULTS A total of 177 reproducible bands were produced using the 20 RAPD primers (8.8 Bands per primer) of which 174 were polymorphic (PPL= 98.30%). RAPD genetic diversity analysis revealed the highest values of Nei’s genetic diversity (0.23), Shannon information index (0.36) and polymorphic loci (81.36%) among accession from Skampuk population and lowest values of Nei’s genetic diversity (0.11), Shannon information index (0.18) and polymorphic loci (36.72 %) among accession from Bogdang population (Table 3). Nei’s (1978) classified levels of genetic distance at < 0.05 as low, between 0.05 and 0.15 as medium and > 0.15 as high. Thus, the Bogdang accession varied in narrow range while, the Skampuk accessions were more diverse. Pair-wise Nei’s distances (Nei’s, 1973) were calculated for all populations. The greatest inter-population average distance (0.23) was between Bogdang and Staksha. While, the corresponding least distance (0.05) was between Skampuk and Turtuk (Table 4). The dendrogram was obtained from UPGMA cluster analysis based on RAPD data was presented in (Figure 2). The dendrogram showed four main clusters (I, II, III and IV). The cluster I consisted of samples from populations Bogdang, Skampuk and Skurru. Cluster II consisted of samples of population Tirith, Sumur and Changlung. Cluster III consisted of Hunder and some populations of Tirith, Sumur, Skampuk, Skurru and Turtuk. cluster IV and consisted of Staksha and some population of Skampuk, Skurru, and Turtuk. Population genetic structure Genetic analysis of RAPD marker showed that the highest genetic identity (0.964) existed between
Page 1 and 2:
Journal of Medicinal Plants Researc
Page 3 and 4:
Editors Prof. Akah Peter Achunike E
Page 5 and 6:
Electronic submission of manuscript
Page 7 and 8:
Fees and Charges: Authors are requi
Page 9 and 10:
Table of Contents: Volume 6 Number
Page 11 and 12:
Page 13 and 14:
Page 15 and 16:
Figure 1. Chuanxiong Rhizoma (http:
Page 17 and 18:
Table 1. Identification of main pea
Page 19 and 20:
Table 3. Pharmacokinetic parameters
Page 21 and 22:
active component study, many invest
Page 23 and 24:
Page 25 and 26:
and 1185 kg ha -1 in the first site
Page 27 and 28:
Table 1. Recommendation for use fer
Page 29 and 30:
Sadanandan AK, Hamza S (1996c). Stu
Page 31 and 32:
and it has been traced to South Ame
Page 33 and 34:
Table 3. Results of phytochemical a
Page 35 and 36:
Page 37 and 38:
(a) (b) (c) Figure 1. (a) Normal ce
Page 39 and 40:
emedies in the south of Brazil. J.
Page 41 and 42:
known fatty acids and terpenoids we
Page 43 and 44:
Table 1. Renal function tests of ra
Page 45 and 46:
Al-Radahe et al. 2271 Figure 3.nnnn
Page 47 and 48:
namely disruption of the vascular e
Page 49 and 50:
Zayachkivska OS, Konturek SJ, Drozd
Page 51 and 52:
β-carotene were purchased from Sig
Page 53 and 54:
Figure 1. Effect of ethanol concent
Page 55 and 56:
Table 3. Climatic and soil factors
Page 57 and 58:
content of polysaccharides. Phospha
Page 59 and 60:
Serge et al. 2285 Table 1. Relative
Page 61 and 62:
Percentage inhibition % of inhibiti
Page 63 and 64:
Page 65 and 66:
Table 1. Result of phytochemical sc
Page 67 and 68:
Table 3. Result of thin layer chrom
Page 69 and 70:
Page 71 and 72:
Table 2. MIC of a compound 1 from c
Page 73 and 74:
Page 75 and 76:
Zirihi et al. 2301 Figure 2. Termin
Page 77 and 78:
Figure 5. T. catappa Linn. (Combret
Page 79 and 80:
Figure 8. A. fumigatus: Aspect of c
Page 81 and 82:
Figure 12. Sensitivity of A. fumiga
Page 83 and 84:
Page 85 and 86:
Noormi et al. 2311 Table 1. Callus
Page 87 and 88:
Table 2. Contd. NoC=No callus. 4.0
Page 89 and 90:
Figure 2. Contd. at 2.0 mg/L yellow
Page 91 and 92:
Page 93 and 94:
Table 1. Biochemical parameters in
Page 95 and 96:
Figure 3. Bcl-xL reactions in inter
Page 97 and 98:
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors would l
Page 99 and 100:
Figure 1. The first page of the boo
Page 101 and 102:
Figure 3. The most widely included
Page 103 and 104:
Figure 4. Lithographic print “St.
Page 105 and 106:
Table 1. List of plants included in
Page 107 and 108:
Table 1. Contd. Nedelcheva 2333 Cin
Page 109 and 110:
Table 1. Contd. Nedelcheva 2335 Rhe
Page 111 and 112:
14 7 1 15 1 35 17 16 Imported plant
Page 113 and 114: Academy of Science Publishing House
Page 115 and 116: et al., 1996; van Wyk and Gericke,
Page 117 and 118: DPPH inhibition (%) DPPH % inhibiti
Page 119 and 120: % Mortality Concentration (µg/ml)
Page 121 and 122: information on plants used for the
Page 123 and 124: Table 1. Levels of independent vari
Page 125 and 126: Arbutin (mg/g) Co-solvent Figure 1.
Page 129 and 130: Arbutin (mg/g) Extraction pressure
Page 131 and 132: Table 3. Arbuitn content of Asian p
Page 135 and 136: Arbutin (mg/g) Extraction pressure
Page 137 and 138: Arbutin (mg/g) Extraction temperatu
Page 139 and 140: Journal of Medicinal Plants Researc
Page 141 and 142: Table 1. Chemical composition of es
Page 143 and 144: Darjazi 2369 Table 2. Statistical a
Page 145 and 146: Table 3. Correlation matrix (number
Page 149 and 150: Table 1. Precision test. extraction
Page 151 and 152: Figure 2. Effect of different alcoh
Page 153 and 154: Table 6. Results of ANOVA. Nie et a
Page 157 and 158: Table 2. Plant data and MIC values
Page 159 and 160: exhibiting the polar extracts of P.
Page 161 and 162: Table 3. Contd. AcOEt ++ ++ ++ - Me
Page 163: Figure 1. Map of Ladakh region of I
Page 167 and 168: Table 5. Inter-Population genetic i
Page 169 and 170: Excoffier L, Smouse PE, Quattro JM
Page 171 and 172: ice residue is an ideal raw materia
Page 173 and 174: DPPH• scavenging ratio(%) OD valu
Page 175 and 176: scavenging effect on free radical a
Page 177 and 178: our new CL system. Fenton reaction
Page 179 and 180: 1 2 Time (s) Figure 2. Kinetic curv
Page 181 and 182: Wong et al., 2006). It can be seen
Page 183 and 184: Pan YM, Liang Y, Wang HS, Liang M (
Page 185 and 186: 2422 J. Med. Plants Res. close cano
Page 187 and 188: 2424 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 1. M
Page 189 and 190: 2426 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 1. C
Page 195 and 196: 2432 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 2. D
Page 197 and 198: 2434 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 6. T
Page 199 and 200: 2436 J. Med. Plants Res. budget dur
Page 203 and 204: 2440 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 1. R
Page 205 and 206: 2442 J. Med. Plants Res. Stability
Page 207 and 208: 2444 J. Med. Plants Res. production
Page 209 and 210: 2446 J. Med. Plants Res. Figure 2.
Page 213 and 214: 2450 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 2. A
Page 215 and 216:
2452 J. Med. Plants Res. Ghasemi Pi
Page 217 and 218:
2454 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 1. I
Page 219 and 220:
2456 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 3. M
Page 221 and 222:
Page 223 and 224:
2460 J. Med. Plants Res. Department
Page 225 and 226:
2462 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 3. E
Page 227 and 228:
Page 229 and 230:
2466 J. Med. Plants Res. AOAC (2000
Page 231 and 232:
Page 233 and 234:
2470 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 1. F
Page 235 and 236:
2472 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 3. S
Page 237 and 238:
Page 239 and 240:
2476 J. Med. Plants Res. Figure 1.
Page 241 and 242:
Page 243 and 244:
2480 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 1. W
Page 245 and 246:
2482 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 2. C
Page 247 and 248:
2484 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 3. C
Page 249 and 250:
2486 J. Med. Plants Res. components
Page 251 and 252:
Page 253 and 254:
2490 J. Med. Plants Res. Inhibition
Page 255 and 256:
Page 257 and 258:
2494 J. Med. Plants Res. can increa
Page 259 and 260:
Page 261 and 262:
Page 263 and 264:
2500 J. Med. Plants Res. Flowering
Page 265 and 266:
2502 J. Med. Plants Res. harvest in
Page 267 and 268:
Page 269 and 270:
Page 271 and 272:
Page 273 and 274:
Page 275 and 276:
2512 J. Med. Plants Res. over-expre
Page 277 and 278:
Page 279 and 280:
2516 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 1. P
Page 281 and 282:
Page 283 and 284:
Page 285 and 286:
Page 287 and 288:
2524 J. Med. Plants Res. ACKNOWLEDG
Page 289 and 290:
UPCOMING CONFERENCES 15th European
Page 291:
show all

Download Complete Issue - Academic Journals

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?