Download Complete Issue - Academic Journals

More documents

Recommendations

Info

2250 J. Med. Plants Res. PHOSPHORUS (P) Phosphorus is frequently a limiting nutrient, particularly in tropical regions, where the soil chemistry differs from temperate soils, or in highly weathered soils, where phosphorus has long since leached away. Phosphorus is one of the three main elements in commercial lawn fertilizers, though there is mounting evidence that many lawns and green areas already have ample phosphorus, and thus it is being phased out of some commercial fertilizers. The ultimate source of virtually all terrestrial phosphorus is from the weathering of minerals and soils in the Earth’s crust. Phosphorus is generally available as phosphate, an anion that is not bindable by the cation exchange complex and thus can be easily leached from the soil by rain or runoff (Wiedenhoeft, 2006) Role of phosphorus in plant growth Phosphorus has many important functions in plants and medicinal plants, the primary one being the storage and transfer of energy through the plant. Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) are high-energy phosphate compounds that control most processes in plants including photosynthesis, respiration, protein and nucleic acid synthesis, and nutrient transport through the plant’s cells (Sharpley et al., 1996). Role of phosphorus in medicinal plants Plant height Boroomand et al. (2011a) found that application of 100 kg P2O5 ha -1 increased leaf number and leaf length in Aloe Vera. Boroomand et al. (2011b) reported significantly higher plant height of Basil at 150 kg P2O5 ha -1 (78.96 cm in 2009) which was superior over all other P levels. One of the earliest and most pronounced responses to phosphorus deficiency is reduction in shoot growth, specifically reduction in leaf number and leaf size (Lynch et al., 1991). Shoot development requires the production of leaves by shoot apical meristem and their subsequent expansion. Decreased number of leaves with phosphorus deficiency implies changes in leaf initiation and activity of shoot apical meristem. Plant height of Phaseolus trilobus was increased due to increased phosphorus fertilization at 80 kg P2O5 ha -1 (Kumar et al., 2002). Anilkumar et al. (2001) reported significantly higher plant height of mustard at 37.35 kg P2O5 ha -1 (209.4 and 208.0 cm during 1998 and 1999, respectively) which was superior over all other P levels. Panwar and Singh (2003) recorded significantly higher plant height of groundnut at 60 kg P2O5 ha -1 (49.80 cm) over control (46.55 cm). Field investigation carried out by Pareek et al. (2002), to study the effect of P2O5 levels on growth of Panchpatri (Ipomoea pestigrides), showed that maximum plant height per plant was obtained by application of 25 kg P2O5 per ha. But increased levels of P2O5 over 25 kg P2O5 decreased this parameter. Harendra and Yadav (2007) reported that plant height of mustard increased significantly with each increment in the dose of phosphorus up to 13.1 kg P2O5 ha -1 (165.7 cm). However, the differences in plant height due to further increase in the dose of phosphorus to 39.3 kg P2O5 ha -1 were not significant. Number of branches in a plant Pareek et al. (2002) reported significantly higher number of branches of Panchpatri at 25 kg P2O5 ha -1 . Harenda and Yadav (2007), reported significant increase in the number of primary branches of mustard with an increase in the phosphorus levels from 0 to 13.1 kg P2O5 ha -1 which was 5.3 and 6.2 plant -1 , respectively. But, there was no significant increase in the number of primary branches with further increase in the P level at 39.3 kg P2O5 ha -1 (6.5 plant -1 ). Saraf et al. (2002), studied the effect of two levels of P2O5 (25 and 50 kg ha -1 ) on the yield of Danti (Baliospermum montanum) crop. The effect of phosphorus was significant and the highest plant height, number of leaves per plant, branches per plant and plant spread were observed with the application of 50 kg P2O5 per ha as compared to 25 kg P2O5 per ha -1 . Leaf area Plants ultimately depend on green leaf area for dry matter accumulation as the leaves intercept solar radiation and produce photosynthates through photosynthesis. The production, expansion and survival of green leaves are the important determinants of crop productivity. The primary symptoms of nutrient deficiency are reduction in leaf expansion. Boroomand et al. (2011b), in a study on Basil reported that increased level of P2O5 from 50 to 150 kgh increased leaf area from 18.13 to 23.25, respectively. In Aloe Vera application, 150 kgh P2O5 cause increased leaf area (Boroomand et al., 2011a). Seed yield Though the magnitude of the responses of oilseed crops to applied phosphorus is less than that of nitrogen, results of several experiments do indicate that in situation where soil phosphorus level is low, significant responses can be obtained. Kumar et al. (1987), studied the responses of fenugreek to phosphorus application 50 kgh caused increased seed yield. Application of phosphorus at 0, 17 and 34 kg ha -1 recorded seed yield of 963, 1178
and 1185 kg ha -1 in the first site and 1038, 1435 and 1494 kg ha -1 in the second site. Esskaf and Aljaro (1982) recorded no significant effect on the growth and yield of Garlic with the application of 41.11 kg P ha -1 during bulbing and root growth. Minard (1978), on the other hand reported 114.75 kg P ha -1 as optimum for increased final bulb yield among other parameters. Bandopadhyay and Samul (1999) studied the effect of varied levels of phosphorus on seed yield of groundnut and concluded that there was significant response to phosphorus up to 100 kg ha -1 (1625.20 kg ha -1 ). Bhari et al. (2000) recorded significantly higher seed yield of mustard at 45 kg P2O5 ha -1 (2.36 q ha -1 ) which was superior over all other P levels including control. Farahani and Khalvati (2011) reported significantly higher seed yield of coriander at 70 kg ha -1 P2O5 which was superior over all other P levels. Oil content Application of 100 kg P2O5 h to Basil resulted in significantly higher oil content (2.40%) which was superior over all other P levels (Boroomand et al., 2011b). Harendra and Yadav (2007) reported significant increase in the oil content of mustard with increase in P level from 0 to 39.3 kg P2O5 ha -1 .30 per cent of oil content was recorded at 39.3 kg P2O5 ha -1 which was significant over all other levels including control. Lewis et al. (1987) examined the response of oilseed rape to phosphorus fertilization at 21 sites and significant increase in oil content to the tune of 0.7 per cent was recorded in only one site. Boroomand et al. (2011a) recorded significantly higher gel content of Aloe Vera at 150 kgh P2O5 which was superior over all other P levels including control. Response of various crops to phosphorus application indicated that yield and growth attributing parameters increased with increase in levels of P2O5 and the response varied from 25 to 80 kg P2O5 per ha -1 . NITROGEN (N) The largest natural source of nitrogen is the Earth’s atmosphere, which is roughly 78% gaseous nitrogen, an inert and essentially biologically unavailable form of the element. Its biological unavailability is because the two nitrogen atoms form an extremely stable bond, which is not easily broken. Apart from human industrial processes that fix nitrogen gas to solid or liquid forms, the primary means of nitrogen fixation are through the high temperature and energy of lightning strikes and biological nitrogen fixation by bacteria. These processes produce nitrogen in three main forms, each of which are available to plants: nitrate, nitrite, and ammonium (Wiedenhoeft, 2006). Role of nitrogen in plant growth Boroomand and Grouh 2251 Within the plant, nitrogen serves in the same ways as it does in other organisms as a component of amino acids and nucleic acids. Nitrogen also plays a critical role in the structure of chlorophyll, the primary light harvesting compound of photosynthesis. This, along with its structural role in amino acids, explains why plants require large amounts of nitrogen, and thus why it is often the limiting nutrient for plant growth. Role of nitrogen in medicinal plants Plant height Moradkhani et al. (2010) reported in Mellissa officinalis L plant height (61.63 cm) was obtained under application of 90 kg N ha -1 . Suresh (1980) revealed that, application of nitrogen at 100 kg per ha was optimum in increasing stem diameter, while nitrogen at 150 kg per ha was found to be optimum in increasing plant height of Catharanthus roseus (79.69 cm). Garnayak et al. (2000) studied the effect of varied levels of nitrogen on plant height of mustard and reported significant increase in the plant height with an increase in the level of nitrogen application from 0 to 120 kg N ha -1 . The highest was recorded in the treatment supplied with 120 kg N ha -1 which was 200 cm. Okut and Yidirmi (2005) concluded that application of 90 kg N ha -1 in coriander resulted in significantly higher plant height (37.10 during 1998/1999). Attoe and Osodeke (2009) reported significantly higher plant height of Ginger (Zingiber officinale roscoe) at 200 kg N ha -1 (54.50 cm) than other level of nitrogen. Number of branches in a plant Number of branches plant, the parameter related to yield and dry matter production of crops, is positively affected by nitrogen. Mekawey et al. (2010) reported that application of 150 kg N ha -1 in coriander recorded significantly higher number of secondary branches (8.37 plant -1 ) over control (6.05 plant -1 ) and was on par with 100 kg N ha -1 (6.57 plant -1 ) and 200 kg N ha -1 (6.91 plant - 1 ). Amit and Sundeep (2007) reported significantly higher number of primary branches of mustard at 140 kg N ha -1 (7.9 plant -1 ) which was superior over all other N levels but was on par with 120 kg N ha -1 (7.9 plant -1 ). Attoe and Osodeke (2009) studied the effect of nitrogen level on number branch in ginger. They understood that treatment 200 kg of nitrogen produces greatest number of branches Seed yield Sadanandan and Shashidharan (1979) studied the effect
Page 1 and 2: Journal of Medicinal Plants Researc
Page 3 and 4: Editors Prof. Akah Peter Achunike E
Page 5 and 6: Electronic submission of manuscript
Page 7 and 8: Fees and Charges: Authors are requi
Page 9 and 10: Table of Contents: Volume 6 Number
Page 15 and 16: Figure 1. Chuanxiong Rhizoma (http:
Page 17 and 18: Table 1. Identification of main pea
Page 19 and 20: Table 3. Pharmacokinetic parameters
Page 21 and 22: active component study, many invest
Page 23: Journal of Medicinal Plants Researc
Page 27 and 28: Table 1. Recommendation for use fer
Page 29 and 30: Sadanandan AK, Hamza S (1996c). Stu
Page 31 and 32: and it has been traced to South Ame
Page 33 and 34: Table 3. Results of phytochemical a
Page 37 and 38: (a) (b) (c) Figure 1. (a) Normal ce
Page 39 and 40: emedies in the south of Brazil. J.
Page 41 and 42: known fatty acids and terpenoids we
Page 43 and 44: Table 1. Renal function tests of ra
Page 45 and 46: Al-Radahe et al. 2271 Figure 3.nnnn
Page 47 and 48: namely disruption of the vascular e
Page 49 and 50: Zayachkivska OS, Konturek SJ, Drozd
Page 51 and 52: β-carotene were purchased from Sig
Page 53 and 54: Figure 1. Effect of ethanol concent
Page 55 and 56: Table 3. Climatic and soil factors
Page 57 and 58: content of polysaccharides. Phospha
Page 59 and 60: Serge et al. 2285 Table 1. Relative
Page 61 and 62: Percentage inhibition % of inhibiti
Page 65 and 66: Table 1. Result of phytochemical sc
Page 67 and 68: Table 3. Result of thin layer chrom
Page 71 and 72: Table 2. MIC of a compound 1 from c
Page 75 and 76:
Zirihi et al. 2301 Figure 2. Termin
Page 77 and 78:
Figure 5. T. catappa Linn. (Combret
Page 79 and 80:
Figure 8. A. fumigatus: Aspect of c
Page 81 and 82:
Figure 12. Sensitivity of A. fumiga
Page 83 and 84:
Journal of Medicinal Plants Researc
Page 85 and 86:
Noormi et al. 2311 Table 1. Callus
Page 87 and 88:
Table 2. Contd. NoC=No callus. 4.0
Page 89 and 90:
Figure 2. Contd. at 2.0 mg/L yellow
Page 91 and 92:
Page 93 and 94:
Table 1. Biochemical parameters in
Page 95 and 96:
Figure 3. Bcl-xL reactions in inter
Page 97 and 98:
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors would l
Page 99 and 100:
Figure 1. The first page of the boo
Page 101 and 102:
Figure 3. The most widely included
Page 103 and 104:
Figure 4. Lithographic print “St.
Page 105 and 106:
Table 1. List of plants included in
Page 107 and 108:
Table 1. Contd. Nedelcheva 2333 Cin
Page 109 and 110:
Table 1. Contd. Nedelcheva 2335 Rhe
Page 111 and 112:
14 7 1 15 1 35 17 16 Imported plant
Page 113 and 114:
Academy of Science Publishing House
Page 115 and 116:
et al., 1996; van Wyk and Gericke,
Page 117 and 118:
DPPH inhibition (%) DPPH % inhibiti
Page 119 and 120:
% Mortality Concentration (µg/ml)
Page 121 and 122:
information on plants used for the
Page 123 and 124:
Table 1. Levels of independent vari
Page 125 and 126:
Arbutin (mg/g) Co-solvent Figure 1.
Page 127 and 128:
Page 129 and 130:
Arbutin (mg/g) Extraction pressure
Page 131 and 132:
Table 3. Arbuitn content of Asian p
Page 133 and 134:
Page 135 and 136:
Arbutin (mg/g) Extraction pressure
Page 137 and 138:
Arbutin (mg/g) Extraction temperatu
Page 139 and 140:
Page 141 and 142:
Table 1. Chemical composition of es
Page 143 and 144:
Darjazi 2369 Table 2. Statistical a
Page 145 and 146:
Table 3. Correlation matrix (number
Page 147 and 148:
Page 149 and 150:
Table 1. Precision test. extraction
Page 151 and 152:
Figure 2. Effect of different alcoh
Page 153 and 154:
Table 6. Results of ANOVA. Nie et a
Page 155 and 156:
Page 157 and 158:
Table 2. Plant data and MIC values
Page 159 and 160:
exhibiting the polar extracts of P.
Page 161 and 162:
Table 3. Contd. AcOEt ++ ++ ++ - Me
Page 163 and 164:
Figure 1. Map of Ladakh region of I
Page 165 and 166:
Warghat et al. 2391 Table 3. Summar
Page 167 and 168:
Table 5. Inter-Population genetic i
Page 169 and 170:
Excoffier L, Smouse PE, Quattro JM
Page 171 and 172:
ice residue is an ideal raw materia
Page 173 and 174:
DPPH• scavenging ratio(%) OD valu
Page 175 and 176:
scavenging effect on free radical a
Page 177 and 178:
our new CL system. Fenton reaction
Page 179 and 180:
1 2 Time (s) Figure 2. Kinetic curv
Page 181 and 182:
Wong et al., 2006). It can be seen
Page 183 and 184:
Pan YM, Liang Y, Wang HS, Liang M (
Page 185 and 186:
2422 J. Med. Plants Res. close cano
Page 187 and 188:
2424 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 1. M
Page 189 and 190:
2426 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 1. C
Page 191 and 192:
Page 193 and 194:
Page 195 and 196:
2432 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 2. D
Page 197 and 198:
2434 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 6. T
Page 199 and 200:
2436 J. Med. Plants Res. budget dur
Page 201 and 202:
Page 203 and 204:
2440 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 1. R
Page 205 and 206:
2442 J. Med. Plants Res. Stability
Page 207 and 208:
2444 J. Med. Plants Res. production
Page 209 and 210:
2446 J. Med. Plants Res. Figure 2.
Page 211 and 212:
Page 213 and 214:
2450 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 2. A
Page 215 and 216:
2452 J. Med. Plants Res. Ghasemi Pi
Page 217 and 218:
2454 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 1. I
Page 219 and 220:
2456 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 3. M
Page 221 and 222:
Page 223 and 224:
2460 J. Med. Plants Res. Department
Page 225 and 226:
2462 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 3. E
Page 227 and 228:
Page 229 and 230:
2466 J. Med. Plants Res. AOAC (2000
Page 231 and 232:
Page 233 and 234:
2470 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 1. F
Page 235 and 236:
2472 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 3. S
Page 237 and 238:
Page 239 and 240:
Page 241 and 242:
Page 243 and 244:
2480 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 1. W
Page 245 and 246:
Page 247 and 248:
Page 249 and 250:
2486 J. Med. Plants Res. components
Page 251 and 252:
Page 253 and 254:
2490 J. Med. Plants Res. Inhibition
Page 255 and 256:
Page 257 and 258:
2494 J. Med. Plants Res. can increa
Page 259 and 260:
Page 261 and 262:
Page 263 and 264:
2500 J. Med. Plants Res. Flowering
Page 265 and 266:
2502 J. Med. Plants Res. harvest in
Page 267 and 268:
Page 269 and 270:
Page 271 and 272:
Page 273 and 274:
Page 275 and 276:
2512 J. Med. Plants Res. over-expre
Page 277 and 278:
Page 279 and 280:
2516 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 1. P
Page 281 and 282:
Page 283 and 284:
Page 285 and 286:
Page 287 and 288:
2524 J. Med. Plants Res. ACKNOWLEDG
Page 289 and 290:
UPCOMING CONFERENCES 15th European
Page 291:
show all

Download Complete Issue - Academic Journals

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?