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and flowers growing in a single population in Lithuania<br />
indicated that β-caryophyllene and caryophyllene<br />
oxide dominated in leaves, while spathulenol,<br />
tetradecanol and viridiflorol were dominant constituents of<br />
the flowers (Radusiene et al., 2005). In June 2008 we<br />
studied H. perforatum plants growing in northeastern of<br />
Iran (northwestern of Neyshabur) revealed α- and βpinene<br />
and α- and β-selinene as the primary volatile<br />
constituents of the leaves and flowers, while germacrene<br />
D was predominant in the oil extracted from the stems<br />
and roots (Motavalizadehkakhky et al., 2008). The aerial<br />
parts of wild H. perforatum were collected during the<br />
flowering period, especially in different regions of<br />
Western Europe (France, Italy, Portugal, Spain, Greek,<br />
Serbia), but also in Turkey, Uzbekistan, Lithuania as well<br />
as in China and India (Bertoli et al., 2011).<br />
H. perforatum collected from Serbia (Saraglou et al.,<br />
2007) contains an important quantity of α-pinene (8.6%),<br />
while the same species from the Rujan mountains did not<br />
contain α-pinene (Gudzic et al., 2001). α- and β-pinene<br />
are major components in the oil of H. perforatum from<br />
Greece (Petrakis et al., 2005).<br />
The amount of mono- and sesquiterpenes, seem<br />
reduced in H. perforatum from Turkey (Demirci et al. ,<br />
2005; Cirak et al., 2010). The main components in the oil<br />
of H. prforatum from Italy were 2-methyl octane (21.1%),<br />
germacrene-D (17.6%) and α -pinene (15.8%) (Pintore et<br />
al., 2005). Samples of French H. scabrum plants were<br />
rich in sesquiterpenes (Mathis et al., 1964), while the oil<br />
of the same species collected in Turkey consisted of 13<br />
monoterpene hydrocarbon (85%) and α- pinene was the<br />
major component (72%).<br />
The predominance (45.3%) of α-pinene was also<br />
confirmed in dried flowering aerial parts of H. scabrum<br />
collected from Iran (Morteza-Semnani et al., 2005).<br />
Hyperican content in flower and leaves of eight<br />
Hypericum (helianthemoides, hyssopifolium, scabrum,<br />
perforatum,...) species from Iran determined by HPLC<br />
(Jaymand et al., 2008). Chemical composition of leaves<br />
and flowers and fruits of H. perforatum from Kashan in<br />
Iran were determined by gas chromatography-mass<br />
spectrometry (Akhbari et al., 2009). Analysis of oil<br />
resulted in identification of 55 compounds (91.4%), for<br />
leaves, which α-pinene (29.33%) was the main<br />
components.<br />
The analysis for flower and fruit part resulted in the<br />
identification of 26 compounds (95.96 %), which α-<br />
Amorphene (15.86%), α-pinene (11.34%), Thymol<br />
(7.27%) and α-Campholene aldehyde (6.63%) were the<br />
main components. Chemical composition of aerial parts<br />
of H. perforatum and H. scabrum from Tajikistan were<br />
analyzed by GC-MS. Sixty-six compound were identified<br />
in the oil of H. prforatum with Germacrene D (13.7%), αpinene<br />
(5.1%), (E)-Caryophyllene (4.7%), n-dodecanol<br />
(4.5%), Caryophyllene oxide (4.2%), Bicyclogermacrene<br />
(3.8%), Spathulenol (3.4%) as the main constituents.<br />
Twenty-six compounds were identified in the oil of H.<br />
Alireza 2479<br />
scabrum L. with α-pinene (44.8%), Spathulenol (7.1%),<br />
Verbenol (6.0%), trans-Verbenol (3.9%), and γ-<br />
Muurolene (3.5%) as the abundant compounds<br />
(Sharopov et al., 2010).<br />
Many recent example of antibacterial or antifungal<br />
activity of essential oils can be found in the Hypericum<br />
genus, not only for H. prforatum. In fact, several<br />
Hypericum species native to different region have been<br />
investigated on several types of bacteria and fungi<br />
(Warnke et al., 2009; Buchbauer et al., 2010, 2004; Pauli<br />
et al., 2010).<br />
Essential oil from H. maculatum Crantz. in Serbia<br />
showed a large spectrum and a strong activity as<br />
antimicrobial agent especially against Staphylococcus<br />
aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa,<br />
Salmonella enteritidis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus<br />
subtilis, Sarcina lutea (Gudzic et al., 2002).<br />
The antimicrobial activities of α- and β-pinene, as well<br />
as β-caryophyllene, have been well-documented and, as<br />
these compounds represent dominant components in the<br />
essential oils of many Hypericum species, such effects<br />
are not unexpected. Further investigations with essential<br />
oils, volatile fractions and infused oils from Hypericum<br />
species would be of interest due to the ex vivo antiinflammatory<br />
activity and in vivo gastroprotective effects<br />
that have been demonstrated with H. perforatum infused<br />
oils (Zdunic et al., 2009; Lavagna et al., 2001).<br />
The essential oil of fresh aerial parts of Hypericum<br />
richeri Vill. subsq. grisebachii obtained by hydrodistilation<br />
was analyzed by GC and GC-MS. One hundred and five<br />
constituents identified and tested against a panel of<br />
microbial strains by broth microdilution assay and it was<br />
found to was also moderate effect against all tested<br />
microorganisms (Dordevic et al., 2011).<br />
The essential oils of H. scabrum, H. scabroides and H.<br />
triquetrifolium were studied for the first time for their<br />
antimicrobial activity against nine organisms. All the<br />
essential oils exhibited some broad spectrum<br />
antibacterial activity, at a concentration of 80 µg/ml. The<br />
essential oils of Hypericum species showed antibacterial<br />
activity against the tested organisms and a yeast (Kizil et<br />
al., 2004). The composition of the hydrodistilled oils<br />
obtained from aerial parts of H. hyssopifolium subsp. and<br />
H. heterophyllum Vent. were analyzed by means of GC<br />
and GC-MS, and 66 compounds were determined in<br />
total. The oils of H. hyssopifolium, is rich in<br />
monoterpenes consists α-pinene (57.3%), β-pinene<br />
(9.0%), limonene (6.2%) and α-phellandrene (4.4%). The<br />
oils were tested for antifungal activity using microbial<br />
growth inhibition assays in vitro against 10 agricultural<br />
pathogenic fungi. In general, the oils showed moderate<br />
activity against several fungal species (Cakir et al., 2004).<br />
The chemical composition of the essential oils of nine<br />
taxa from seven sections of Hypericum L. (Guttiferae, H.<br />
perforatum subsp. perforatum, H. perforatum subsp.<br />
veronense, H. calycinum, H. montanum, H. richeri subsp.<br />
richeri, H. hyssopifolium, Hypericum hirsutum, Hypericum