Download Complete Issue - Academic Journals

More documents

Recommendations

Info

2242 J. Med. Plants Res. Figure 3. Total ion current chromatogram of essential oil in Chuanxiong Rhizoma. et al. (2002) identified about 44 compounds from Chuanxiong Rhizoma and the yield of volatile oil is 4.16% (v/w). In contrast, 30 compounds were determined by steam distillation extraction and the yield of volatile oil by steam distillation extraction is 0.8% (v/w) (Hong et al., 2002). Although, both techniques including steam distillation extraction and supercritical fluid extraction, could extract the main components of volatile oil. The contained components of samples extracted by supercritical fluid CO2 extraction were most and the whole operation process toke short time and had high efficiency (Wang et al., 2009). They thought, since SFE is operated at high pressure and lower temperature, compounds with thermo unstable or high volatility would probably have better solubility in supercritical fluid. Wan et al. (2003) used steam distillation extraction, supercritical fluid extraction and organic solvent extraction to extract essential oil of Chuanxiong Rhizoma. The three methods are able to extract main lactones of volatile oil. Organic solvent extraction can extract fatty acids and fatty acid ester which accounted for 30% of its extracted substance, except for lactone and terpene type, because neutral ethanol is one of the polar organic solvent. Oleic acid can only be obtained by organic solvent extraction (Wan et al., 2003). HS-SPME was the first high concentration capacityheadspace sampling technique to appear. It was introduced by Zhang and Pawliszyn (1993) as an extension of SPME, which had been developed by Arthur and Pawliszyn (1990) to overcome some drawbacks of solid phase extraction in sampling organic pollutants from water. In recent years, HS-SPME has gained wide acceptance as an effective extraction technique for a wide variety of samples. This method followed by GC-MS is described for the analysis of volatile compounds in the dry rhizome of L. chuanxiong Hort.. As a result, 73 compounds were determined and identified by the HS- SPME-GC-MS method with at least 20 more compounds than those in the methods available. Using much less sample amount, shorter extraction time and simpler procedure, HS-SPME method can achieve similar results to those by steam distillation. The HS-SPME method is simple, rapid and effective and can be used for the analysis of volatile compounds in medicinal plants (Zhang et al., 2007). Chemical fingerprint As the complexity of Chinese medicine herbs, many factors can influence the bioactive ingredients of the plants which will vary the therapeutic outcome. Therefore, the quality control is vital to Chinese medicine herbs. The characteristic fingerprint (Figure 3 and Table 1) of Chuanxiong Rhizoma volatile oil has been established to scientifically evaluate and effectively control the inner quality of Chuanxiong Rhizoma, and the quality information has been provided by GC-MS method, using the twelfth (ligusticum) peak as reference (Shi et al., 2007). PHARMACOLOGICAL EFFECTS Anti-fibrosis effects Hepatic fibrosis is due to diseases, such as chronic hepatitis and alcoholic liver disease (Hui and Friedman, 2003). Compounds that promote apoptosis in hepatic stellate cells which play a central role in both fibrogenesis and fibrolysis may have anti-fibrotic potential. Chuanxiong Rhizoma has been found to have the ability of anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects on hepatic stellate cells (HSC), and the pathways mediated by Fas and Bcl2 were involved in herb-induced apoptosis in HSC-T6 (Chor et al., 2005). Two isomeric compounds,
Table 1. Identification of main peaks in essential oil of Chuanxiong Rhizoma. Hou and He 2243 Peak No. Name Relative peak area Relative retention time 1 terpilenol 0.0637 0.4758 2 2-methoxyl-4-vinylphenol 0.0255 0.6167 3 1-pheny-1-pentanone) 0.0095 0.6650 4 2,2-dimethyl-1-phenyl,3-butene-1-ketone 0.0051 0.6746 5 spainulenol 0.0423 0.9053 6 butylphthalide 0.1975 0.9409 7 butylidenephthalide 0.2435 0.9592 8 unindentified 0.0566 0.9642 9 cnidilide 0.0421 0.9674 10 east ligustilide 0.3287 0.9862 11 neocindilide 0.1073 0.9914 12 ligusticum 1.0000 1.0000 13 isomer of ligusticum 0.0134 1.0320 ZZ-6,8',7,3'-diligustilide and levistolide A which are the main compounds of volatile oil were identified to be active components against hepatic fibrosis, and they did not decrease the viability after 48 h incubation in both HSC- T6 and LI-90 cells. The mechanism of the two compounds is to inhibit platelet derived growth factoractivated HSC proliferation, possibly through cell cycle inhibition and apoptosis (Lee et al., 2007). Vasorelaxing effects Ligustilide and senkyunolide A, two main constituents of Chuanxiong Rhizoma oil, had similar relaxation potencies against contractions to 9,11-dideoxy-9α, 11αmethanoepoxyprostaglandin F2α, phenylephrine, 5hydroxytryptamine and KCl. Their vasorelaxation effects were not affected by endothelium removal, the adenylate cyclase inhibitor 9-(tetrahydro-2-furanyl)-9H-purin-6amine, the soluble guanylate cyclase inhibitor 1H- [1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-α]quinoxalin-1-one or the nonselective K + channel blocker tetraethylammonium (Chan et al., 2006). By using cell membrane chromatography (CMC) and GC-MS, Liang et al. (2005) found out that ligustilide and butylidenephthalide significantly inhibited the vasoconstrictions induced by norepinephrine (NE) bitartrate and calcium chloride (CaCl2) in a concentrationdependent manner (Liang et al., 2005). The mechanism of ligustilide is to induce vasodilatation in rat mesenteric artery by inhibiting the voltage-dependent calcium channel and receptor-operated calcium channel, and receptor-mediated Ca 2+ influx and release (Cao et al., 2006). Butylidenephthalide-mediated vasorelaxation comprises of both endothelium-dependent and independent components, and it is acting through an inhibitory mechanism downstream to L-type voltageoperated and prostanoid TP receptor-operated Ca 2+ channels operating late in the contractile pathway (Chan et al., 2006). Butylidenephthalide has also been found as a synergism with NO donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) in relaxing rat isolated aorta. The interaction is related to an enhancement of the effectiveness of SNP in producing relaxation under tone induced mainly by Ca 2+ sensitization (Chan et al., 2009). This finding may serve as the rationale behind the frequent use of a Chuanxiong Rhizoma-NO donor combination in China. Protective effects The extract of Fo Shou San including Chuanxiong Rhizoma and Angelicae Sinensis Radix dosedependently and time-dependently protected human umbilical vein endothelial cells against hydrogen peroxide damage and suppressed the production of reactive oxygen species (Hou et al., 2004). Essential oil of Chuanxiong Rhizoma is able to inhibit DNA damage induced by ultraviolet B via their antioxidant activities through the methods of 1,1dipheny1-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiozoline-6sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) scavenging assay. In this assay, the essential oils showed very high activity in the DPPH test with an IC50 value of 6.79 mg/ml in Chuanxiong Rhizoma. In addition, the essential oils in ABTS test exhibited an IC50 value of 1.58 mg/ml in Chuanxiong Rhizoma. The mechanism for antioxidants is to remove free radical that involves the donation of hydrogen to a free radical, and hence, its reduction to an unreactive species through removing the odd electron feature which is responsible for radical reactivity (Jeong et al., 2009). Z-Ligustilide has significant neuroprotective effects on transient forebrain ischemia in mice; focal cerebral ischemia and chronic cerebral hypoperfusion in rats may through antioxidant, improved cholinergic activity and antiapoptotic mechanisms (Kuang et al., 2006; Peng et
Page 1 and 2: Journal of Medicinal Plants Researc
Page 3 and 4: Editors Prof. Akah Peter Achunike E
Page 5 and 6: Electronic submission of manuscript
Page 7 and 8: Fees and Charges: Authors are requi
Page 9 and 10: Table of Contents: Volume 6 Number
Page 15: Figure 1. Chuanxiong Rhizoma (http:
Page 19 and 20: Table 3. Pharmacokinetic parameters
Page 21 and 22: active component study, many invest
Page 25 and 26: and 1185 kg ha -1 in the first site
Page 27 and 28: Table 1. Recommendation for use fer
Page 29 and 30: Sadanandan AK, Hamza S (1996c). Stu
Page 31 and 32: and it has been traced to South Ame
Page 33 and 34: Table 3. Results of phytochemical a
Page 37 and 38: (a) (b) (c) Figure 1. (a) Normal ce
Page 39 and 40: emedies in the south of Brazil. J.
Page 41 and 42: known fatty acids and terpenoids we
Page 43 and 44: Table 1. Renal function tests of ra
Page 45 and 46: Al-Radahe et al. 2271 Figure 3.nnnn
Page 47 and 48: namely disruption of the vascular e
Page 49 and 50: Zayachkivska OS, Konturek SJ, Drozd
Page 51 and 52: β-carotene were purchased from Sig
Page 53 and 54: Figure 1. Effect of ethanol concent
Page 55 and 56: Table 3. Climatic and soil factors
Page 57 and 58: content of polysaccharides. Phospha
Page 59 and 60: Serge et al. 2285 Table 1. Relative
Page 61 and 62: Percentage inhibition % of inhibiti
Page 65 and 66: Table 1. Result of phytochemical sc
Page 67 and 68:
Table 3. Result of thin layer chrom
Page 69 and 70:
Journal of Medicinal Plants Researc
Page 71 and 72:
Table 2. MIC of a compound 1 from c
Page 73 and 74:
Page 75 and 76:
Zirihi et al. 2301 Figure 2. Termin
Page 77 and 78:
Figure 5. T. catappa Linn. (Combret
Page 79 and 80:
Figure 8. A. fumigatus: Aspect of c
Page 81 and 82:
Figure 12. Sensitivity of A. fumiga
Page 83 and 84:
Page 85 and 86:
Noormi et al. 2311 Table 1. Callus
Page 87 and 88:
Table 2. Contd. NoC=No callus. 4.0
Page 89 and 90:
Figure 2. Contd. at 2.0 mg/L yellow
Page 91 and 92:
Page 93 and 94:
Table 1. Biochemical parameters in
Page 95 and 96:
Figure 3. Bcl-xL reactions in inter
Page 97 and 98:
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors would l
Page 99 and 100:
Figure 1. The first page of the boo
Page 101 and 102:
Figure 3. The most widely included
Page 103 and 104:
Figure 4. Lithographic print “St.
Page 105 and 106:
Table 1. List of plants included in
Page 107 and 108:
Table 1. Contd. Nedelcheva 2333 Cin
Page 109 and 110:
Table 1. Contd. Nedelcheva 2335 Rhe
Page 111 and 112:
14 7 1 15 1 35 17 16 Imported plant
Page 113 and 114:
Academy of Science Publishing House
Page 115 and 116:
et al., 1996; van Wyk and Gericke,
Page 117 and 118:
DPPH inhibition (%) DPPH % inhibiti
Page 119 and 120:
% Mortality Concentration (µg/ml)
Page 121 and 122:
information on plants used for the
Page 123 and 124:
Table 1. Levels of independent vari
Page 125 and 126:
Arbutin (mg/g) Co-solvent Figure 1.
Page 127 and 128:
Page 129 and 130:
Arbutin (mg/g) Extraction pressure
Page 131 and 132:
Table 3. Arbuitn content of Asian p
Page 133 and 134:
Page 135 and 136:
Arbutin (mg/g) Extraction pressure
Page 137 and 138:
Arbutin (mg/g) Extraction temperatu
Page 139 and 140:
Page 141 and 142:
Table 1. Chemical composition of es
Page 143 and 144:
Darjazi 2369 Table 2. Statistical a
Page 145 and 146:
Table 3. Correlation matrix (number
Page 147 and 148:
Page 149 and 150:
Table 1. Precision test. extraction
Page 151 and 152:
Figure 2. Effect of different alcoh
Page 153 and 154:
Table 6. Results of ANOVA. Nie et a
Page 155 and 156:
Page 157 and 158:
Table 2. Plant data and MIC values
Page 159 and 160:
exhibiting the polar extracts of P.
Page 161 and 162:
Table 3. Contd. AcOEt ++ ++ ++ - Me
Page 163 and 164:
Figure 1. Map of Ladakh region of I
Page 165 and 166:
Warghat et al. 2391 Table 3. Summar
Page 167 and 168:
Table 5. Inter-Population genetic i
Page 169 and 170:
Excoffier L, Smouse PE, Quattro JM
Page 171 and 172:
ice residue is an ideal raw materia
Page 173 and 174:
DPPH• scavenging ratio(%) OD valu
Page 175 and 176:
scavenging effect on free radical a
Page 177 and 178:
our new CL system. Fenton reaction
Page 179 and 180:
1 2 Time (s) Figure 2. Kinetic curv
Page 181 and 182:
Wong et al., 2006). It can be seen
Page 183 and 184:
Pan YM, Liang Y, Wang HS, Liang M (
Page 185 and 186:
2422 J. Med. Plants Res. close cano
Page 187 and 188:
2424 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 1. M
Page 189 and 190:
2426 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 1. C
Page 191 and 192:
Page 193 and 194:
Page 195 and 196:
2432 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 2. D
Page 197 and 198:
2434 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 6. T
Page 199 and 200:
2436 J. Med. Plants Res. budget dur
Page 201 and 202:
Page 203 and 204:
2440 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 1. R
Page 205 and 206:
2442 J. Med. Plants Res. Stability
Page 207 and 208:
2444 J. Med. Plants Res. production
Page 209 and 210:
2446 J. Med. Plants Res. Figure 2.
Page 211 and 212:
Page 213 and 214:
2450 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 2. A
Page 215 and 216:
2452 J. Med. Plants Res. Ghasemi Pi
Page 217 and 218:
2454 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 1. I
Page 219 and 220:
2456 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 3. M
Page 221 and 222:
Page 223 and 224:
2460 J. Med. Plants Res. Department
Page 225 and 226:
2462 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 3. E
Page 227 and 228:
Page 229 and 230:
2466 J. Med. Plants Res. AOAC (2000
Page 231 and 232:
Page 233 and 234:
2470 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 1. F
Page 235 and 236:
2472 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 3. S
Page 237 and 238:
Page 239 and 240:
Page 241 and 242:
Page 243 and 244:
2480 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 1. W
Page 245 and 246:
Page 247 and 248:
Page 249 and 250:
2486 J. Med. Plants Res. components
Page 251 and 252:
Page 253 and 254:
2490 J. Med. Plants Res. Inhibition
Page 255 and 256:
Page 257 and 258:
2494 J. Med. Plants Res. can increa
Page 259 and 260:
Page 261 and 262:
Page 263 and 264:
2500 J. Med. Plants Res. Flowering
Page 265 and 266:
2502 J. Med. Plants Res. harvest in
Page 267 and 268:
Page 269 and 270:
Page 271 and 272:
Page 273 and 274:
Page 275 and 276:
2512 J. Med. Plants Res. over-expre
Page 277 and 278:
Page 279 and 280:
2516 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 1. P
Page 281 and 282:
Page 283 and 284:
Page 285 and 286:
Page 287 and 288:
2524 J. Med. Plants Res. ACKNOWLEDG
Page 289 and 290:
UPCOMING CONFERENCES 15th European
Page 291:
show all

Download Complete Issue - Academic Journals

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?