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Abbaspour et al. 2471 Table 2. Chlorophyll, cartenoides content (mg/g f.w.) and soluble sugars (mg/g d.w.) of three pistachio cultivars as affected by salinity treatment. Salinity levels (mM) Cultivar Total chlorophyll Cartenoides Soluble sugars Ak 1.2 0 a 0.89 a 22 a Ka 1.25 a 0.77 a 26 a Ou 1.30 a 0.93 a 24 a 100 200 300 Ak 0.89 ab 0.78 a 25 a Ka 0.85 ab 0.79 a 24 a Ou 1.03 ab 0.81 a 27 a Ak 0.73 bc 0.82 a 33 b Ka 0.54 cd 0.71 a 22 a Ou 0.59 cd 0.76 a 24 a Ak 0.75 bc 0.22 b 35 b Ka 0.38 d 0.27 b 23 a Ou 0.41 d 0.31 b 20 a Within each column, means superscript with different letters are significantly different (P≤ 0.05). under the control and different chloride-sodium salinity conditions. However, at salinity of 300 mM, a significant reduction in cartenoid amount was observed in different cultivars. The results indicated chloride-sodium did not induce any remarkable difference in total chlorophyll pigments among different cultivars under the control and low-moderate salinity conditions. However, Ak cultivar showed a significantly higher pigment amount than the other two varieties under high salinities. Moreover, the impact of salinity on the reduction of chlorophyll amount was statistically significant in all varieties starting from salinity of 200 mM (Table 2). The impact of chloride-sodium salinity on soluble sugar value indicated that low salinity had no considerable impact on dissolved sugars in different cultivars. However, the moderate and high salinity led to an increase in the amount of total soluble sugars in Ak cultivar while no significant difference was achieved between the other two cultivars compared to the control conditions. The difference in soluble sugars between Ak and the other two cultivars was significant in salinities of 200 and 300 mM while no significant difference was observed among the three cultivars under the control and low salinity conditions with regard to soluble sugars (Table 2). The effect of different concentrations of chloridesodium on the amounts of Na, Cl, K and N in different cultivars of pistachio shrubs is presented in Table 3. The results indicated that the impacts of different salinities on Na and Cl were nearly similar as the amounts of these two elements were increased with exceeding salinity stress in different cultivars compared to control condition. This increase was statistically significant under all salinity levels in comparison with the control condition. Moreover, no significant difference was observed between the amounts of the respective elements in different cultivars under the control and low-moderate salinity conditions. However, increasing salinity from 200 to 300 resulted in remarkable enhancement of Cl and Na amounts in Ou and Ka varieties. Interestingly, no significant difference was found in the concentration of Na and Cl elements in Ak cultivar due to increasing salinity compared to salinity of 200 mM (Table 3). Salinity of 100 mM had no significant impact on reduction of potassium level in Ak cultivar but this reduction was significant in the other varieties as compared with the control. The concentration of potassium was significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05) in Ak cultivar than the other two cultivars under the low and the moderate salinities. However, no significant difference was reported in potassium concentration among different cultivars in control and high salinity conditions (Table 3). The results of nitrogen concentration in different cultivars under the control and salinity conditions revealed insignificant difference under the control and salinity conditions. The concentration of this element decreased in all cultivars as salinity stress increased and the reduction was statistically significant under the moderate and high salinities compared to the control conditions although at low salinity this difference was insignificant (Table 3). DISCUSSION In this study, the responses of three different pistachio cultivars to salt stress were compared with regard to plant growth, soluble carbohydrate and ion accumulation. It is well documented that high salinity can inhibit the growth and development of plants and even result in their death (Shi and Wang, 2005; Moghaieb et al., 2004). The current results (Table 1) demonstrated a significant reduction in plant growth with increasing soil salinity. These results are parallel to those reported for different
2472 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 3. Shoot content of Na and Cl (mol/kg d.m.), K and N (mg/g d.m.) in three pistachio cultivars at different salinity levels. Salinity level (mM) Cultivar Na Cl K Ak 0.054 0 a 0.301 a 236 a Ka 0.061 a 0.298 a 218 a Ou 0.056 a 0.291 a 240 a 100 200 300 Ak 0.258 b 0.898 b 195 a Ka 0.241 b 0.842 b 141 b Ou 0.269 b 0.901 b 150 b Ak 0.284 b 0.810 b 140 b Ka 0.345 b 0.911 b 85 c Ou 0.301 b 0.943 b 79 c Ak 0.315 b 0.894 b 120 bc Ka 0.637 c 1.987 c 71 c Ou 0.748 c 1.785 c 84 c Within each column, means superscript with different letters are significantly different (P≤ 0.05). plants such as carthamus (Abbaspour, 2010), pistachio (Bankar and Ranjbar, 2010) and wheat (Khan et al., 2006). In order to improve salt tolerance in pistachio plants, inter-cultivar variation in pistachio varieties should be examined to select the promising lines-genotypes. Differences in growth of pistachio cultivars in response to salt stress observed in the present study might have occurred due to variation in a number of biochemical or physiological traits that are associated with the processes related to the mechanism of salt tolerance such as photosynthetic pigments, nutrient homeostasis and accumulation at compatible solute. The comparison of different cultivars under investigation showed that the growth of Ou and Ka varieties were significantly inhibited and these cultivars cannot survive in 300 mM NaCl. However, Ak cultivar can grow well at the same degree of salinity. In the present study, the photosynthetic pigment content of pistachio plants was decreased under salt stress. Photosynthetic pigments play a key role in maintaining photosynthetic capacity of most plants (Dubey, 2005). The reduction in leaf chlorophyll content under NaCl stress has been attributed to the destruction of chlorophyll pigments and the instability of the pigment protein complex (levit, 1980). It is also attributed to the interference of salt ion with the de novo synthesis of proteins and the structural component of chlorophyll rather than the breakdown of chlorophyll (Jaleel et al., 2007a). Moreover, the changes of pigments content under salt stress are used as parameter for selection of tolerant and sensitive cultivars in plants (Eryilmaz, 2007). The three tested cultivars showed differences in the accumulation of soluble sugar with increasing salinity. The content of soluble sugars in Ou and Ka did not changed; while, the respective value was increased in Ak at medium and high salinities. Thus, it is proposed that the accumulation of soluble sugars might be important to cytoplasmic osmotic of Ak and the destructive effects of salinity are commonly thought to be a result of low water potential and ion toxicity (Parida and Das, 2005). Na + is the main poisonous ion in salinized soil and plants growing in saline conditions generally compartmentalize Na + into vacuoles resulting in Na + toxicity in the cytosol. It is essential for maintaining a number of enzymatic processes (James et al., 2006; Zhu, 2003; Munus, 2002), and the Na + /K + ratio is an important index representing the salt-tolerance ability of a plant (Parida and Das, 2005). The current results indicated that the increasing levels of NaCl induced a progressive absorption of Na and Cl. Such pattern of accumulation of the toxic ion has earlier been reported in a number of plant species referred as “salt accumulators” (Turan et al., 2010). Accumulation of Cl in the tissue is disruptive to membrane uptake mechanisms (Yousif et al., 1972). The reduction in potassium in shoots as result of salt stress (Table 3) has been observed previously, interpreted as resulting from competition between this ion and Na (Karmoker et al., 2008; Turan et al., 2010). According to Cordovilla et al. (1995), NaCl decreased N concentration in the shoot tissues and the salinity has a negative impact on the nitrogen acquisition and utilization (Lewis, 1986). Similar negative effect of chloride-sodium on NO - 3 was reported by other authors (Wehrman and Handel, 1984; Turan et al., 2010). By comparing the accumulation traits of the three pistachio cultivars, it is obvious that under the same degree of salinity, especially in high salinity, Na + , Cl - and Na + /K + were much lower in Ak than those of Ou and Ka
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Journal of Medicinal Plants Researc
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Editors Prof. Akah Peter Achunike E
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Electronic submission of manuscript
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Fees and Charges: Authors are requi
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Table of Contents: Volume 6 Number
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Figure 1. Chuanxiong Rhizoma (http:
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Table 1. Identification of main pea
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Table 3. Pharmacokinetic parameters
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active component study, many invest
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and 1185 kg ha -1 in the first site
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Table 1. Recommendation for use fer
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Sadanandan AK, Hamza S (1996c). Stu
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and it has been traced to South Ame
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Table 3. Results of phytochemical a
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(a) (b) (c) Figure 1. (a) Normal ce
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emedies in the south of Brazil. J.
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known fatty acids and terpenoids we
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Table 1. Renal function tests of ra
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Al-Radahe et al. 2271 Figure 3.nnnn
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namely disruption of the vascular e
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Zayachkivska OS, Konturek SJ, Drozd
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β-carotene were purchased from Sig
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Figure 1. Effect of ethanol concent
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Table 3. Climatic and soil factors
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content of polysaccharides. Phospha
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Serge et al. 2285 Table 1. Relative
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Percentage inhibition % of inhibiti
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Table 1. Result of phytochemical sc
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Table 3. Result of thin layer chrom
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Table 2. MIC of a compound 1 from c
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Zirihi et al. 2301 Figure 2. Termin
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Figure 5. T. catappa Linn. (Combret
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Figure 8. A. fumigatus: Aspect of c
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Figure 12. Sensitivity of A. fumiga
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Noormi et al. 2311 Table 1. Callus
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Table 2. Contd. NoC=No callus. 4.0
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Figure 2. Contd. at 2.0 mg/L yellow
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Table 1. Biochemical parameters in
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Figure 3. Bcl-xL reactions in inter
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors would l
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Figure 1. The first page of the boo
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Figure 3. The most widely included
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Figure 4. Lithographic print “St.
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Table 1. List of plants included in
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Table 1. Contd. Nedelcheva 2333 Cin
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Table 1. Contd. Nedelcheva 2335 Rhe
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14 7 1 15 1 35 17 16 Imported plant
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Academy of Science Publishing House
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et al., 1996; van Wyk and Gericke,
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DPPH inhibition (%) DPPH % inhibiti
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% Mortality Concentration (µg/ml)
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information on plants used for the
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Table 1. Levels of independent vari
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Arbutin (mg/g) Co-solvent Figure 1.
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Arbutin (mg/g) Extraction pressure
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Table 3. Arbuitn content of Asian p
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Arbutin (mg/g) Extraction pressure
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Arbutin (mg/g) Extraction temperatu
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Table 1. Chemical composition of es
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Darjazi 2369 Table 2. Statistical a
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Table 3. Correlation matrix (number
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Table 1. Precision test. extraction
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Figure 2. Effect of different alcoh
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Table 6. Results of ANOVA. Nie et a
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Table 2. Plant data and MIC values
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exhibiting the polar extracts of P.
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Table 3. Contd. AcOEt ++ ++ ++ - Me
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Figure 1. Map of Ladakh region of I
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Warghat et al. 2391 Table 3. Summar
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Table 5. Inter-Population genetic i
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Excoffier L, Smouse PE, Quattro JM
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ice residue is an ideal raw materia
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DPPH• scavenging ratio(%) OD valu
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scavenging effect on free radical a
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our new CL system. Fenton reaction
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1 2 Time (s) Figure 2. Kinetic curv
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Wong et al., 2006). It can be seen
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2524 J. Med. Plants Res. ACKNOWLEDG
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UPCOMING CONFERENCES 15th European
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