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2366 J. Med. Plants Res. throughout the world. In this study, we compare the volatile compounds isolated from fresh flowers, leaves and peel of C. nobilis Lour var. deliciosa swingle with the aim of determining whether the quantity of oxygenated compounds was influenced by the organs. MATERIALS AND METHODS In 1989, C. nobilis Lour var. deliciosa swingle trees, grafted on Sour orange, were planted at 84m with three replication at Ramsar research station (Kotra) (Latitude 36°54’ N, Longitude 50°40’ E ; Caspian Sea climate, average rainfall 970 mm per year and average temperature 16.25°C; soil was classified as loam-clay, pH range 6.9 to 7). In the early week of June 2007, about 300 g of leaves and at least 200 g flower were collected from many parts of the same trees, located in Ramsar research station (Kotra), early in the morning (6 to 8 am) and only by dry weather. Also we collected at least 10 mature fruit from these trees in the last week of November 2007. In order to obtain the volatile compounds, about 200 g fresh mature peel, 300 g of fresh leaves and 200 g of fresh flower were subjected to hydro distillation for 3 h using a Clavengertype apparatus. N-Hexane was used to isolate the oil layer from the aqueous phase. The hexane layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate and stored at -4°C until used. GC and GC-MS An Agilent 6890N GC equipped with a DB-5 (30 m 0.25 mm i.d; film thickness = 0.25 m) fused silica capillary column (J and W Scientific) and a FID was used. The column temperature was programmed from 50°C (2 min) to 188°C (20 min) at a rate of 3°C/ min. The injector and detector temperatures were 220°C and helium was used as the carrier gas at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min and a linear velocity of 22 cm/s. The linear retention indices (LRIs) were calculated for all volatile components using a homologous series of n-alkanes (C9 to C22) under the same GC conditions. The weight percent of each peak was calculated according to the response factor to the FID. GC-MS was used to identify the volatile components. The analysis was carried out with a Varian Saturn 2000R. 3800 GC linked with a Varian Saturn 2000R MS. The oven condition, injector and detector temperatures and column (DB-5) were the same as those given above for the Agilent 6890 N GC. Helium was the carrier gas at a flow rate of 1.1 ml/min and a linear velocity of 38.7 cm/s. Injection volume was 1 l. Identification of components Components were identified by comparing their LRIs and matching their mass spectra with those of reference compounds in the data system of the Wiley library and National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Mass Spectral Search program (Chem. SW. Inc; NIST 98 version database) connected to a Varian Saturn 2000R MS. Identifications were also determined by comparing the retention time of each compound with that of the known compounds (Adams, 2001; McLafferty and Stauffer, 1991). RESULTS Flower components of the C. nobilis Lour var. deliciosa swingle GC-MS analysis of the flavor compounds extracted from C. nobilis flower using water distillation allowed identification of 39 volatile components (Table 1):19 oxygenated terpenes (4 aldehydes, 9 alcohols, 5 ester and 1 ketone), and 20 non oxygenated terpenes (13 monoterpens and 7 sesqiterpens). Leaf components of the C. nobilis Lour var. deliciosa swingle GC-MS analysis of the flavor compounds extracted from C. nobilis leaf using water distillation allowed identification of 39 volatile components (Table 1 and Figure 1): 17 oxygenated terpenes (3 aldehydes, 14 alcohols), 22 non oxygenated terpenes (14 monoterpens, 8 sesqiterpens). Peel components of the C. nobilis Lour var. deliciosa swingle GC-MS analysis of the flavor compounds extracted from C. nobilis peel using water distillation allowed identification of 25 volatile components (Table 1): 9 oxygenated terpenes (3 aldehydes, 3 alcohols, 2 esters, 1 ketones), 16 non oxygenated terpenes (12 monoterpens, 4 sesqiterpens). Aldehydes Seven aldehyde components that were identified in this analysis were octanal, citronellal, decanal, neral, geranial, -sinensal and -sinensal (Table 2). In addition they were quantified (from 0.29 to 3.94%) that it was determined and reported as relative amount of those compounds in oil in this study. These findings were similar to the previous study undertaken by Salem (2003); Lota et al. (2001); Asgarpanah (2002). Tangerine oil is easily distinguished from other citrus oils by its content of various aliphatic aldehydes. Two main aliphatic aldehydes were -sinensal and -sinensal. In addition, tangerine oil also contained citronellal (Asgarpanah, 2002). -sinensal has a woody aroma (Sawamura et al., 2004), and is considered as one of the major contributors to tangerine flavor (Asgarpanah, 2002). Since the aldehyde content of citrus oil is considered as one of the most important indicators of high quality, organ apparently has a profound influence on C. nobilis oil quality. Among the three organs examined, flower showed the highest content of aldehydes (Table 2). Flower aldehyds were also compared to those of leaf and peel in this study. Neral, -sinensal and -sinensal were identified in flower and leaf oil, while they were not detected in peel oil. Compared with peel, the flower improved and increased aldehyde components about 13 times for C. nobilis Lour (Table 2).
Table 1. Chemical composition of essential oils of the flower, leaf and peel of C. nobilis Lour var. deliciosa Swingle. Darjazi 2367 S/no Component Flower Leaf Peel KI S/no Component Flower Leaf Peel KI 1 α- thujene * * * 925 30 Tymol * 1270 2 α - Pinene * * * 933 31 Geranial * 1275 3 Sabinene * * * 974 32 Terpinyl acetate * 1313 4 β - Pinene * * * 977 33 δ -elemen * 1342 5 β -myrcene * * * 989 34 Citronellyl acetate * 1353 6 Octanal * 1003 35 Neryl acetate * * 1356 7 α - phellandrene * * * 1003 36 Geranyl acetate * * 1381 8 α - terpinene * * 1017 37 β - elemene * * * 1389 9 P-cymene * 1023 38 (Z)- β -caryophyllene * * 1428 10 Limonene * * * 1029 39 Geranyl acetone * 1434 11 (Z)- β - ocimene * * 1035 40 γ-elemen * 1437 12 (E)- β - ocimene * * * 1046 41 α -guaiene * 1450 13 γ- terpinene * * * 1062 42 Allo aromadendrene * 1456 14 (E)-sabinene hydrate * * 1068 43 (Z)- β - farnesene * 1457 15 (Z)- linalool oxide * 1072 44 Germacrene D * * * 1490 16 α -terpinolene * * * 1088 45 E,E, α - farnesene * * * 1505 17 Linalool * * * 1100 46 δ -cadinene * * 1522 18 Cis-p-menth-2-en-1-ol * * 1114 47 Elemol * 1557 19 Trans-p-Menth-2-en-1-ol * * 1127 48 (E) – nerolidol * * 1562 20 (Z)-limonene oxid * 1141 49 Spathulenol * * 1588 21 (E)-β -terpineol * 1144 50 Caryophyllene oxide * 1596 22 Citronellal * 1154 51 Globulol * 1605 23 Terpinen-4-ol * * * 1185 52 α -muurolol * 1650 24 α -terpineol * * * 1194 53 α -cadinol * 1665 25 Decanal * 1205 54 β -sinensal * * 1700 26 Thymol methyl ether * 1235 55 E,E-cis-farnesol * 1725 27 Neral * * 1242 56 α-sinensal * * 1728 28 Carvone * 1250 57 Phytol * 1949 29 Linalyl acetate * 1253 *There is in oil. Alcohols Sixteen alcohol components identified in this study were linalool, cis-p-menth -2-en-1-ol, trans-p-menth -2-en-1-ol, (E)- -terpineol, terpinene-4-ol, -terpineol, thymol methyl ether, tymol, elemol, (E) nerolidol, spathulenol, -muurolol, -cadinol, phytol, globulol and E,E-cisfarnesol (Table 2). The total amount of alcohols ranged from (0.70 to 39.11%) that it was determined and reported as relative amount of those compounds in C. nobilis oil. Linalool was the major component in this study and it was the most abundant. Linalool, the most significant alcohol compound of tangerine oil, is recognized as being very important to good tangerine flavor (Babazadeh Darjazi, 2009; Salem, 2003). Linalool has a flowery (rose-like) aroma (Sawamura et al., 2004) and its level is important to flavor character in tangerine flower, leaf and peel (Salem, 2003). Among the three organs examined, flower showed the highest content of alcohols (Table 2). Flower alcohols were also compared to those of leaf and peel in this study. Cis-p-menth -2-en-1-ol, trans-p-menth -2-en- 1-ol, (E)-nerolidol and spathulenol were identified in flower and leaf oil, while they were not detected in peel oil. Compared with peel, the flower improved and increased alcohol components about 56 times for C. nobilis Lour (Table 2). Esters Five ester components identified in the analysis were linalyl acetate, terpinyl acetate, citronellyl acetate, neryl acetate and geranyl acetate. The total amount of esters ranged (from 0.00 to 0.13%) in oil and linalyl acetate was the most abundant. Among the three organs examined, flower showed the highest content of esters in oil (Table 2).
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Journal of Medicinal Plants Researc
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Editors Prof. Akah Peter Achunike E
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Electronic submission of manuscript
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Fees and Charges: Authors are requi
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Table of Contents: Volume 6 Number
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Figure 1. Chuanxiong Rhizoma (http:
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Table 1. Identification of main pea
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Table 3. Pharmacokinetic parameters
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active component study, many invest
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and 1185 kg ha -1 in the first site
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Table 1. Recommendation for use fer
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Sadanandan AK, Hamza S (1996c). Stu
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and it has been traced to South Ame
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Table 3. Results of phytochemical a
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(a) (b) (c) Figure 1. (a) Normal ce
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emedies in the south of Brazil. J.
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known fatty acids and terpenoids we
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Table 1. Renal function tests of ra
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Al-Radahe et al. 2271 Figure 3.nnnn
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namely disruption of the vascular e
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Zayachkivska OS, Konturek SJ, Drozd
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β-carotene were purchased from Sig
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Figure 1. Effect of ethanol concent
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Table 3. Climatic and soil factors
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content of polysaccharides. Phospha
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Serge et al. 2285 Table 1. Relative
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Percentage inhibition % of inhibiti
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Table 1. Result of phytochemical sc
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Table 3. Result of thin layer chrom
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Table 2. MIC of a compound 1 from c
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Zirihi et al. 2301 Figure 2. Termin
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Figure 5. T. catappa Linn. (Combret
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Figure 12. Sensitivity of A. fumiga
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Noormi et al. 2311 Table 1. Callus
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Table 2. Contd. NoC=No callus. 4.0
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2442 J. Med. Plants Res. Stability
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2444 J. Med. Plants Res. production
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2460 J. Med. Plants Res. Department
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2500 J. Med. Plants Res. Flowering
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UPCOMING CONFERENCES 15th European
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