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Journal of Medicinal Plants Research Vol. 6(12), pp. 2493-2503, 30 March, 2012 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/JMPR DOI: 10.5897/JMPR12.004 ISSN 1996-0875 ©2012 <strong>Academic</strong> <strong>Journals</strong> Full Length Research Paper Effect of plant density on phenology and oil yield of safflower herb under irrigated and rainfed planting systems Roghayeh Shakeri Amoghein 1 , Ahmad Tobeh 1 and Shahzad Jamaati-e-Somarin 2 * 1 Department of Agronomy and plant breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili. Ardabil. Iran. 2 Young Researchers Club, Ardabil Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ardabil, Iran. Accepted 24 January, 2012 In order to study the effect of plant density on phenology and oil yield of safflower herb under irrigated and rainfed planting systems, an experiment was conducted in Agriculture Research Station of Islamic Azad University, Ardabil Branch, Ardabil, Iran in 2010 as a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with four replications. The factors included planting system (irrigation and rainfed) and plant density (60, 50, 40 and 30 plants.m -2 ). The results showed that the density of 30 plants.m -2 under both planting systems and the density of 40 plants.m -2 under rainfed system had the highest number of days to 50% emergence. The densities of 60 and 50 plants.m -2 under rainfed system had the highest number of days to 50% branch-bearing. The density of 60 plants.m -2 under irrigated system had the lowest number of days to 50% bud-bearing. The plants at the densities of 60 and 50 plants.m -2 under rainfed system initiated flowering earlier than other treatments. The density of 50 platns.m -2 was ranked in the same group with the densities of 40 and 60 plants.m -2 and irrigated system. under irrigated system, the highest oil percentage was obtained from the lowest density and the lowest one from the density of 40 plants.m -2 and the densities of 50 and 60 plants.m -2 were ranked in the same group, while under rainfed system, the highest oil yield was obtained from the highest density under irrigated system and the lowest one from the densities of 40 and 60 plants.m -2 under rainfed system. As shown, oil percentage was increased with the decrease in density. The significantly highest seed yield was produced at the density of 60 plants.m -2 under rainfed system which was ranked in the same group with the density of 50 plants.m -2 under irrigated system. Key words: Flowering time, emergence, oil percentage, safflower, yield, yield components. INTRODUCTION Out of the prevalent oilseeds, safflower is the only one native to Iran. Indeed, Iran has a high diversity of safflower. Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) belongs to the family of Asteraceae. It has been established in various climates and its wild species are widespread throughout Iran (Poordad, 2006). Safflower (Honghua in China) is a member of the family Compositae or Asteraceae and an annual herb. It is soft with mild odor and slightly bitter in taste (Zheng, 1999). *Corresponding author. E-Mail: jamaati_1361@yahoo.com. Tel: +989141594490. Fax: +984517714126. Safflower is both edible and medicinal and is issued by the Ministry of Health in China and consumed safely (Guan et al., 1999). The main ingredients of safflower are safflower glucoside, safflower yellow and safflower quinone. In addition, it also contains a small amount of oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, flavonoids, amino acids and polysaccharides (Zheng, 1999). Safflower grows widely in many areas of China and it is one of the traditional Chinese medicinal herb in common use with its flowers to treat coronary heart disease and thrombosis, remove blood stasis, cure pain and swelling (Zheng, 1999; Zhang et al., 2005). Moreover, it was reported that safflower had the functions of anti-thrombosis and hypoxia tolerance, and
2494 J. Med. Plants Res. can increase coronary flow and improve microcirculation (Ling, 2002). In recent years, the use of safflower as a coloring and flavoring agent has been increased as a food additive in some Asian countries (Nobakht et al., 2000). Modern pharmacological studies have shown that the safflower polysaccharide has the activity of anti-tumor and antioxidative effect (Jin et al., 2004; Shi et al., 2010). Safflower yellow A has the functions to relieve myocardial ischemia, protect neuron against hypoxia injury and attenuate acute lung injury induced by lipopolysaccharide administration in mice (Jin et al., 2005; Ye and Guo, 2008). Exercise-induced fatigue, due to over-exercise, refers to the body that cannot maintain its specific level physiologically or cannot maintain the predetermined exercise intensity, manifested as mental and physical fatigue (Wu et al., 2003; Chen et al., 2004; Gao and Chen, 2003). Exercise-induced fatigue can be recovered by supplemented energetic substance, releasing metabolic production and administrated tonics, but these bring harms to the body even though retarding the fatigue (Li and Wei, 2005). In addition, some of the drugs are forbidden by the International Olympic Committee. During the process of seeking for safe and effective anti-athletic fatigue methods, the specialty of Chinese herbal medicine has drawn the attentions of scholars in the world (Shenhua et al., 2009) and some research results have been reported in recent years. Nowadays, given its tolerance to heat and survival at minimum moisture, its cultivation is agronomically and economically feasible for local consumption as oilseed and edible dynes (Aliari et al., 2000). Since it is a native crop, it has marked characteristics such as adaptability to arid and semi-arid climates, high-quality oil, and resistance to abiotic stresses particularly drought stress (Weiss, 2000). Mundel et al. (1994) classified different developmental stages of safflower as emergence, rosette, stem elongation, formation of auxiliary branches, flowering and maturing. Bagheri (1995) categorized them as emergence, branching, flowering and maturing, whereas Mohammadi (1995) and Nejad (1996) named them as emergence, branching, emergence of reproductive buds, bud-bearing, head termination and maturing and Zand (1995) named them as emergence, stem-bearing, branch-bearing, flowering and maturing. Seed development proceeds through a set of important stages such as nutrient storage, drying and dormancy. Each stage brings about some changes in seed which affect their yield. The stage at which the seeds reach to their maximum dry weight on their parental plants is known as the physiological maturity (Shaw and Loomis, 1950). Yazdi (1996) stated that harvest at complete maturity, when seed moisture content was 100 g.kg -1 , was preferable because of ease of threshing and high storage capability owing to the optimum moisture content in both pods and seeds. Also, the results of other studies (Tavakoli, 2002) have shown that irrigation withdrawal before and during flowering of safflower resulted in fewer numbers of seeds per head and that the closer the time of stress application was to flowering, the more effective it was on the number of seeds. Rostami (2004) reported that the application of drought stress after flowering and pollination slightly decreased the number of seeds and mainly reduced 1000-seed weight. In a study on three high, moderate and pooryielding genotypic groups of safflower in Mashad, Iran, Zand (1995) showed that they exhibited significantly different developmental stages. Yasari et al. (2005) revealed that branch-bearing period was the most effective period of completion of yield and yield components. The results of Hashemi and Marashi (1995) showed that the interaction of genotype and moisture regime was significant on all traits unless days to flowering initiation and 50% flowering, number of seeds per head and seed yield per plant. Istanbulluoglu (2009) evaluated the effect of irrigation and water deficit at different developmental stages on seed yield per ha and 1000-seed weight and showed that safflower was significantly impacted by water stress at late-vegetative stage. The highest yield was obtained at early and late-vegetative growth and seed yield formation. There were significant differences among varieties at 1% probability level with respect to flowering initiation and termination, days to maturity, 1000-seed weight, oil percentage and yield. Under rainfed farming, cultivars with short maturity period have the highest seed yield. Means comparison of seed and oil yield of different cultivars showed significant differences. Also, as means comparison revealed, high-yielding cultivars had lower number of days to maturity than other traits. Means of varieties with shorter maturing period can tie higher seed yield with higher seed production (Hatamzadeh et al., 2003). In the study of Omidi (2009), irrigation withdrawal at the end of flowering stage or at the initiation of grain-filling period not only did not greatly decrease seed yield, but also saved water. Zareian and Ehsanzadeh (2001) showed that plant density only significantly affected the bud-bearing initiation of safflower. In total, days after sowing and the heat demand for each developmental stage started to decrease with the increase in the density. The effect of cultivar was significant on such stages as emergence, bud-bearing, head production and 50% flowering, but it did not significantly affect other developmental stages. The results of the studies on the effect of plant density per unit area on crops indicate that the yield of the crops per unit area is change with the change in plant density (Koocheki, 1997). The effect of plant density on seed yield was significant too, so that the number of heads per m 2 was increased as the density was increased (Fazeli et al., 2007). Planting row spacing was shown to significantly affect the number of heads per plant, the number of seeds per head, seed yield and oil yield (Ghasemi et al., 2006). The effect of on-row plant spacing was not statistically
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Journal of Medicinal Plants Researc
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Editors Prof. Akah Peter Achunike E
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Electronic submission of manuscript
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Fees and Charges: Authors are requi
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Table of Contents: Volume 6 Number
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Figure 1. Chuanxiong Rhizoma (http:
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Table 1. Identification of main pea
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Table 3. Pharmacokinetic parameters
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active component study, many invest
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and 1185 kg ha -1 in the first site
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Table 1. Recommendation for use fer
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Sadanandan AK, Hamza S (1996c). Stu
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and it has been traced to South Ame
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Table 3. Results of phytochemical a
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(a) (b) (c) Figure 1. (a) Normal ce
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emedies in the south of Brazil. J.
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known fatty acids and terpenoids we
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Table 1. Renal function tests of ra
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Al-Radahe et al. 2271 Figure 3.nnnn
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namely disruption of the vascular e
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Zayachkivska OS, Konturek SJ, Drozd
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β-carotene were purchased from Sig
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Figure 1. Effect of ethanol concent
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Table 3. Climatic and soil factors
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content of polysaccharides. Phospha
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Serge et al. 2285 Table 1. Relative
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Percentage inhibition % of inhibiti
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Table 1. Result of phytochemical sc
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Table 3. Result of thin layer chrom
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Table 2. MIC of a compound 1 from c
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Zirihi et al. 2301 Figure 2. Termin
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Figure 5. T. catappa Linn. (Combret
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Figure 8. A. fumigatus: Aspect of c
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Figure 12. Sensitivity of A. fumiga
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Noormi et al. 2311 Table 1. Callus
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Table 2. Contd. NoC=No callus. 4.0
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Figure 2. Contd. at 2.0 mg/L yellow
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Table 1. Biochemical parameters in
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Figure 3. Bcl-xL reactions in inter
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors would l
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Figure 1. The first page of the boo
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Figure 3. The most widely included
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Figure 4. Lithographic print “St.
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Table 1. List of plants included in
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Table 1. Contd. Nedelcheva 2333 Cin
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Table 1. Contd. Nedelcheva 2335 Rhe
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14 7 1 15 1 35 17 16 Imported plant
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Academy of Science Publishing House
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et al., 1996; van Wyk and Gericke,
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DPPH inhibition (%) DPPH % inhibiti
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% Mortality Concentration (µg/ml)
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information on plants used for the
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Table 1. Levels of independent vari
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Arbutin (mg/g) Co-solvent Figure 1.
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Arbutin (mg/g) Extraction pressure
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Table 3. Arbuitn content of Asian p
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Arbutin (mg/g) Extraction pressure
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Arbutin (mg/g) Extraction temperatu
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Table 1. Chemical composition of es
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Darjazi 2369 Table 2. Statistical a
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Table 3. Correlation matrix (number
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Table 1. Precision test. extraction
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Figure 2. Effect of different alcoh
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Table 6. Results of ANOVA. Nie et a
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Table 2. Plant data and MIC values
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exhibiting the polar extracts of P.
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Table 3. Contd. AcOEt ++ ++ ++ - Me
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Figure 1. Map of Ladakh region of I
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Warghat et al. 2391 Table 3. Summar
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Table 5. Inter-Population genetic i
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Excoffier L, Smouse PE, Quattro JM
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ice residue is an ideal raw materia
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DPPH• scavenging ratio(%) OD valu
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scavenging effect on free radical a
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our new CL system. Fenton reaction
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1 2 Time (s) Figure 2. Kinetic curv
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Wong et al., 2006). It can be seen
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Pan YM, Liang Y, Wang HS, Liang M (
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