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Table 3. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentrations (MFC) of extracts against C. albicans. Plants MIC (μg/ml) MFC (μg/ml) Satureja bachtiarica Bung. 25 50 Thymus daenensis Celak. 25 ‎>50‎ Dracocephalum multicaule Montbr and Auch. 50 ‎>50‎ Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl. >50 ‎>50‎ Echinophora platyloba DC. 50 ‎>50‎ Achillea kellalensis Boiss. and Hausskn. ‎>50‎ ‎>50‎ Kelussia odoratissima Mozaff. ‎>50‎ ‎>50‎ Heracleumlasiopetalum Boiss. ‎>50‎ ‎>50‎ shown in Table 2. The extracts from the different plant species studied showed antifungal ‎activities, with the diameters of the inhibition zone ranging from 8 to 17 mm. There were significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) in the antifungal ‎ activities of the plant extracts. Among the plants tested, the extracts of Satureja bachtiarica and Thymus daenensis showed the best antifungal ‎ activity. These were followed by the ethanol extracts of Dracocephalum multicaule‎, Kelussia odoratissima and Stachys lavandulifolia‎ (Table 2). The results showed that most of the extracts could effectively inhibit the growth of C. albicans. Subsequent experiments were conducted to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration of all selected plant extracts. The MIC values for active extracts ranged between 25 and 50 µg/ml. Among the plants tested, T. daenensis and S. bachtiarica showed the best antifungal activities (Table 3). Also, the ethanol extract of Echinophora platyloba and Dracocephalum multicaule showed promising antifungal activities against C. albicans (Table 3). The results obtained appeared to confirm the antifungal potential of the plants investigated. The extracts ‎of T. daenensis and S. bachtiarica ‎ showed the best MIC value and activity against yeast used. In this study, the extracts ‎from S. bachtiarica and T. daenensis ‎ ‎exhibited inhibitory effect on fungal growth, suggesting that the studied plant extracts ‎are potentially a safe and natural source of antifungal agents. All the extracts showed varying degrees of antifungal activity on the yeast tested. Some of these plants were more effective than traditional antimicrobial to combat the pathogenic microorganisms studied. The result of identification of phenolic compounds using HPLC showed that the major components of S. bachtiarica and T. daenensis were carvacrol and thymol, respectively. Some studies claim that the phenolic compounds present in spices and herbs might also play a major role in their antimicrobial effects (Hara-Kudo et al., 2004). Previous studies (Shan ‎et al., 2005) showed that a highly positive linear relationship exists between antioxidant and antimicrobial activity and total phenolic content in some spices and herbs. Many herb and spice Boroujeni et al. 2451 extracts for example S. bachtiarica and T. daenensis contained high levels of phenolics and exhibited antimicrobial activity (Sefidkon and Jamzad, 2000; Sajjadi and Khatamsaz, 2003). Previous report (Rasooli et al., 2006) on the antimicrobial activity of the essential oils of some Thymus spp., most of them possessing large quantities of phenolic monoterpenes, have shown activity against viruses, bacteria, food-derived microbial strains and fungi. The essential oil and extract of some aromatic plants (for example mint family, Lamiaceae) with a higher percentage of cavracrol and thymol have a higher efficacy against microbial (Rasooli et al., 2006). The results obtained represent a worthwhile expressive contribution to the characterization of the anti-Candida activity of plant extracts of traditional medicinal plants from the Iranian flora. The extracts of T. daenensis and S. bachtiarica leaves and flowers had antifungal ‎activities. The present study suggests that the extracts ‎of these plants are a potential ‎source of natural antifungal agents. ‎Evaluations of the extracts against other important human pathogens are also being conducted. After this screening experiment, further work should be performed to describe the antifungal activities in more detail as well as their activity in vivo. In addition, phytochemical studies will be necessary to isolate the active constituents and evaluate the antifungal activities against a wide range of fungi population. REFERENCES Calderone RA, Fonzi WA ‎ (2001). Virulence factors of Candida albicans, Trends ‎Microbiol., 9: 327-335.‎ Chotomongakol V, Sukeepaisarncharoen W (1997). Maintenance therapy with itraconazole after treatment of Cryptococcal meningitis in the acquired immuno deficiency syndrome. J. Med. Assoc .Thai., 80: 767-770. Douglas LJ (2003). Candida biofilms and their role in infection. Trends Microbiol., 11: 30-36. Enfert C, Hube B (2007). Candida: Comparative and Functional Genomics. ‎Caister ‎<strong>Academic</strong> Press. ‎ISBN 9781904455134. ‎ Frontling RA, Rathway NJ (1987). In: Recent trends in the discovery, development and evaluation of antifungal agents. Proceedings of an International Tele Symposium, J.R. Prous, Barcelona, ISBN 8439887604.
2452 J. Med. Plants Res. Ghasemi Pirbalouti A (‎‏2009‏‎). Medicinal plants used in Chaharmahal and Bakhtyari ‎districts, Iran. Herba Polon., ‎55 ‏ ‏‎: ‎‏69-77‏‎. Hajimehdipoor H, Shekarchi M, Khanavi M, Adib N, Amri M (2010). A validated high performance liquid chromatography method for the analysis of thymol and carvacrol in Thymus vulgaris L. volatile oil. Pharmacogn Mag., 6: 154-158. Hara-Kudo Y, Kobayashi A, Sugita-Konishi Y Kondo K (2004). Antibacterial activity of plants used in cooking for aroma and taste. J. Food Protect., 67: 2820-2824. Hawser SP, Douglas LJ (1995). Resistance of Candida albicans biofilms to antifungal agents in vitro. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 39: 2128-2131. Iennette EH (1985). Manual of Clinical Microbiology. Fourth Edition. Am. Assoc. Microbiol. Washington, DC, pp. 978-987. Jarvis WR (1995). Epidemiology of nosocomial fungal infections with emphasis on Candida ‎species. Clin. Infect. Dis., 20: 1526-1530.‎ Meis JF, Verweji PE (2001). Current management of fungal infections. Drugs, 61: 13-25. Morgan J, Meltzer MI, Plikaytis BD, Sofair AN, Huie-White S, Wilcox S ‎ (2005). Excess mortality, ‎hospital stay, and cost due to candidemia: a casecontrol study ‎using data from population-based candidemia ‎surveillance. Infect Cont Hosp Ep., 26: 540-547.‎ Mulligen ME, Murry-Leisure KA, Ribnov BS (1993). Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Am. J. Med., 94: 313-328. Natarajan E, Senthil kumar S, Francis Xavier T, Kalaiselvi V (2003). Antibacterial activities of leaf extracts of Alangium salviifolium. J Trop Med Plants, 40: 9-13. Portillo A, Vila R, Frexia B, Adzet T, Canigueral S (2001). Antifungal activity of Paraguayan plants used in traditional medicine. J. Ethnopharmacol., 76: 93-98. Rasooli I, Rezaei MB, Allameh A (2006). Ultrastructural studies on antimicrobial efficacy of thyme essential oils on Listeria monocytogenes. Int .J. Infect. Dis., 10: 236-241. Ruhnke M (2002). Skin and mucous membrane infections. In: Calderone, R.A. (Ed.), ‎Candida and Candidiasis. ‎ASM Press, Washington, DC, pp. 307-325.‎ Rukayadi Y, Shim J, Hwang J (2008). Screening of Thai medicinal plants for anticandidal activity.Mycoses, 51: 308-312. Ryan KJ, Ray CG (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). McGraw ‎Hill. ‎ISBN 0-8385-8529-9. ‎Sajjadi SE, Khatamsaz M (2003). Composition of the essential oil of Thymus daenensis Celak. ssp. lancifolius (Celak.) Jalas. J Essent Oil Res., 15: 34-35. Scherer S, Magee P (1990). Genetics of Candida albicans, Microbiol. Rev., 54: ‎226-241.‎ Sefidkon F, Jamzad Z (2000). Essential oil of Satureja bachtiarica Bunge. J. Essent. Oil Res., 12: 545-546. Shan B, Cai YZ, Sun M, Corke H (2005). Antioxidant capacity of 26 spice extracts and characterization of their phenolic constituents. J. Agric. Food Chem., 53: 7749-7759. Shekarchi M, Hajimehdipoor H, Khanavi M, Adib N, Bozorgi M, Akbari- Adergani B (2010). A validated method for analysis of Swerchirin in Swertia longifolia Boiss. by high performance liquid chromatography. Pharmacon. Mag., 6: 13-18. Shepherd M, Poulter R, Sullivan P (1985). Candida albicans: biology, genetics and pathogenicity. Ann. Rev. ‎Microbiol., 39: 579-614.‎ Terell CL (1999). Antifungal agents. Part II. The azoles. Mayo Clin. Proced., 74: 78-100. Wey SB, Mori M, Pfaller MA, Woolson RF, Wenzel RP (1989). Risk factors for hospital ‎acquired candidemia. A ‎matched case control study. Arch. Intern. Med., 149: 2349-‎2353.‎
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Journal of Medicinal Plants Researc
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Editors Prof. Akah Peter Achunike E
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Electronic submission of manuscript
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Fees and Charges: Authors are requi
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Table of Contents: Volume 6 Number
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Figure 1. Chuanxiong Rhizoma (http:
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Table 1. Identification of main pea
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Table 3. Pharmacokinetic parameters
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active component study, many invest
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and 1185 kg ha -1 in the first site
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Table 1. Recommendation for use fer
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Sadanandan AK, Hamza S (1996c). Stu
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and it has been traced to South Ame
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Table 3. Results of phytochemical a
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(a) (b) (c) Figure 1. (a) Normal ce
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emedies in the south of Brazil. J.
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known fatty acids and terpenoids we
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Table 1. Renal function tests of ra
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Al-Radahe et al. 2271 Figure 3.nnnn
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namely disruption of the vascular e
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Zayachkivska OS, Konturek SJ, Drozd
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β-carotene were purchased from Sig
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Figure 1. Effect of ethanol concent
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Table 3. Climatic and soil factors
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content of polysaccharides. Phospha
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Serge et al. 2285 Table 1. Relative
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Percentage inhibition % of inhibiti
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Table 1. Result of phytochemical sc
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Table 3. Result of thin layer chrom
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Table 2. MIC of a compound 1 from c
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Zirihi et al. 2301 Figure 2. Termin
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Figure 5. T. catappa Linn. (Combret
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Figure 8. A. fumigatus: Aspect of c
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Figure 12. Sensitivity of A. fumiga
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Noormi et al. 2311 Table 1. Callus
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Table 2. Contd. NoC=No callus. 4.0
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Figure 2. Contd. at 2.0 mg/L yellow
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Table 1. Biochemical parameters in
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Figure 3. Bcl-xL reactions in inter
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors would l
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Figure 1. The first page of the boo
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Figure 3. The most widely included
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Figure 4. Lithographic print “St.
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Table 1. List of plants included in
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Table 1. Contd. Nedelcheva 2333 Cin
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Table 1. Contd. Nedelcheva 2335 Rhe
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14 7 1 15 1 35 17 16 Imported plant
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Academy of Science Publishing House
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et al., 1996; van Wyk and Gericke,
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DPPH inhibition (%) DPPH % inhibiti
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% Mortality Concentration (µg/ml)
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information on plants used for the
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Table 1. Levels of independent vari
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Arbutin (mg/g) Co-solvent Figure 1.
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Arbutin (mg/g) Extraction pressure
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Table 3. Arbuitn content of Asian p
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Arbutin (mg/g) Extraction pressure
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Arbutin (mg/g) Extraction temperatu
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Table 1. Chemical composition of es
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Darjazi 2369 Table 2. Statistical a
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Table 3. Correlation matrix (number
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Table 1. Precision test. extraction
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Figure 2. Effect of different alcoh
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Table 6. Results of ANOVA. Nie et a
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Table 2. Plant data and MIC values
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exhibiting the polar extracts of P.
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Table 3. Contd. AcOEt ++ ++ ++ - Me
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2502 J. Med. Plants Res. harvest in
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2506 J. Med. Plants Res. Figure 1.
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2508 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 4. S
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2524 J. Med. Plants Res. ACKNOWLEDG
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UPCOMING CONFERENCES 15th European
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