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2250 J. Med. Plants Res. PHOSPHORUS (P) Phosphorus is frequently a limiting nutrient, particularly in tropical regions, where the soil chemistry differs from temperate soils, or in highly weathered soils, where phosphorus has long since leached away. Phosphorus is one of the three main elements in commercial lawn fertilizers, though there is mounting evidence that many lawns and green areas already have ample phosphorus, and thus it is being phased out of some commercial fertilizers. The ultimate source of virtually all terrestrial phosphorus is from the weathering of minerals and soils in the Earth’s crust. Phosphorus is generally available as phosphate, an anion that is not bindable by the cation exchange complex and thus can be easily leached from the soil by rain or runoff (Wiedenhoeft, 2006) Role of phosphorus in plant growth Phosphorus has many important functions in plants and medicinal plants, the primary one being the storage and transfer of energy through the plant. Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) are high-energy phosphate compounds that control most processes in plants including photosynthesis, respiration, protein and nucleic acid synthesis, and nutrient transport through the plant’s cells (Sharpley et al., 1996). Role of phosphorus in medicinal plants Plant height Boroomand et al. (2011a) found that application of 100 kg P2O5 ha -1 increased leaf number and leaf length in Aloe Vera. Boroomand et al. (2011b) reported significantly higher plant height of Basil at 150 kg P2O5 ha -1 (78.96 cm in 2009) which was superior over all other P levels. One of the earliest and most pronounced responses to phosphorus deficiency is reduction in shoot growth, specifically reduction in leaf number and leaf size (Lynch et al., 1991). Shoot development requires the production of leaves by shoot apical meristem and their subsequent expansion. Decreased number of leaves with phosphorus deficiency implies changes in leaf initiation and activity of shoot apical meristem. Plant height of Phaseolus trilobus was increased due to increased phosphorus fertilization at 80 kg P2O5 ha -1 (Kumar et al., 2002). Anilkumar et al. (2001) reported significantly higher plant height of mustard at 37.35 kg P2O5 ha -1 (209.4 and 208.0 cm during 1998 and 1999, respectively) which was superior over all other P levels. Panwar and Singh (2003) recorded significantly higher plant height of groundnut at 60 kg P2O5 ha -1 (49.80 cm) over control (46.55 cm). Field investigation carried out by Pareek et al. (2002), to study the effect of P2O5 levels on growth of Panchpatri (Ipomoea pestigrides), showed that maximum plant height per plant was obtained by application of 25 kg P2O5 per ha. But increased levels of P2O5 over 25 kg P2O5 decreased this parameter. Harendra and Yadav (2007) reported that plant height of mustard increased significantly with each increment in the dose of phosphorus up to 13.1 kg P2O5 ha -1 (165.7 cm). However, the differences in plant height due to further increase in the dose of phosphorus to 39.3 kg P2O5 ha -1 were not significant. Number of branches in a plant Pareek et al. (2002) reported significantly higher number of branches of Panchpatri at 25 kg P2O5 ha -1 . Harenda and Yadav (2007), reported significant increase in the number of primary branches of mustard with an increase in the phosphorus levels from 0 to 13.1 kg P2O5 ha -1 which was 5.3 and 6.2 plant -1 , respectively. But, there was no significant increase in the number of primary branches with further increase in the P level at 39.3 kg P2O5 ha -1 (6.5 plant -1 ). Saraf et al. (2002), studied the effect of two levels of P2O5 (25 and 50 kg ha -1 ) on the yield of Danti (Baliospermum montanum) crop. The effect of phosphorus was significant and the highest plant height, number of leaves per plant, branches per plant and plant spread were observed with the application of 50 kg P2O5 per ha as compared to 25 kg P2O5 per ha -1 . Leaf area Plants ultimately depend on green leaf area for dry matter accumulation as the leaves intercept solar radiation and produce photosynthates through photosynthesis. The production, expansion and survival of green leaves are the important determinants of crop productivity. The primary symptoms of nutrient deficiency are reduction in leaf expansion. Boroomand et al. (2011b), in a study on Basil reported that increased level of P2O5 from 50 to 150 kgh increased leaf area from 18.13 to 23.25, respectively. In Aloe Vera application, 150 kgh P2O5 cause increased leaf area (Boroomand et al., 2011a). Seed yield Though the magnitude of the responses of oilseed crops to applied phosphorus is less than that of nitrogen, results of several experiments do indicate that in situation where soil phosphorus level is low, significant responses can be obtained. Kumar et al. (1987), studied the responses of fenugreek to phosphorus application 50 kgh caused increased seed yield. Application of phosphorus at 0, 17 and 34 kg ha -1 recorded seed yield of 963, 1178
and 1185 kg ha -1 in the first site and 1038, 1435 and 1494 kg ha -1 in the second site. Esskaf and Aljaro (1982) recorded no significant effect on the growth and yield of Garlic with the application of 41.11 kg P ha -1 during bulbing and root growth. Minard (1978), on the other hand reported 114.75 kg P ha -1 as optimum for increased final bulb yield among other parameters. Bandopadhyay and Samul (1999) studied the effect of varied levels of phosphorus on seed yield of groundnut and concluded that there was significant response to phosphorus up to 100 kg ha -1 (1625.20 kg ha -1 ). Bhari et al. (2000) recorded significantly higher seed yield of mustard at 45 kg P2O5 ha -1 (2.36 q ha -1 ) which was superior over all other P levels including control. Farahani and Khalvati (2011) reported significantly higher seed yield of coriander at 70 kg ha -1 P2O5 which was superior over all other P levels. Oil content Application of 100 kg P2O5 h to Basil resulted in significantly higher oil content (2.40%) which was superior over all other P levels (Boroomand et al., 2011b). Harendra and Yadav (2007) reported significant increase in the oil content of mustard with increase in P level from 0 to 39.3 kg P2O5 ha -1 .30 per cent of oil content was recorded at 39.3 kg P2O5 ha -1 which was significant over all other levels including control. Lewis et al. (1987) examined the response of oilseed rape to phosphorus fertilization at 21 sites and significant increase in oil content to the tune of 0.7 per cent was recorded in only one site. Boroomand et al. (2011a) recorded significantly higher gel content of Aloe Vera at 150 kgh P2O5 which was superior over all other P levels including control. Response of various crops to phosphorus application indicated that yield and growth attributing parameters increased with increase in levels of P2O5 and the response varied from 25 to 80 kg P2O5 per ha -1 . NITROGEN (N) The largest natural source of nitrogen is the Earth’s atmosphere, which is roughly 78% gaseous nitrogen, an inert and essentially biologically unavailable form of the element. Its biological unavailability is because the two nitrogen atoms form an extremely stable bond, which is not easily broken. Apart from human industrial processes that fix nitrogen gas to solid or liquid forms, the primary means of nitrogen fixation are through the high temperature and energy of lightning strikes and biological nitrogen fixation by bacteria. These processes produce nitrogen in three main forms, each of which are available to plants: nitrate, nitrite, and ammonium (Wiedenhoeft, 2006). Role of nitrogen in plant growth Boroomand and Grouh 2251 Within the plant, nitrogen serves in the same ways as it does in other organisms as a component of amino acids and nucleic acids. Nitrogen also plays a critical role in the structure of chlorophyll, the primary light harvesting compound of photosynthesis. This, along with its structural role in amino acids, explains why plants require large amounts of nitrogen, and thus why it is often the limiting nutrient for plant growth. Role of nitrogen in medicinal plants Plant height Moradkhani et al. (2010) reported in Mellissa officinalis L plant height (61.63 cm) was obtained under application of 90 kg N ha -1 . Suresh (1980) revealed that, application of nitrogen at 100 kg per ha was optimum in increasing stem diameter, while nitrogen at 150 kg per ha was found to be optimum in increasing plant height of Catharanthus roseus (79.69 cm). Garnayak et al. (2000) studied the effect of varied levels of nitrogen on plant height of mustard and reported significant increase in the plant height with an increase in the level of nitrogen application from 0 to 120 kg N ha -1 . The highest was recorded in the treatment supplied with 120 kg N ha -1 which was 200 cm. Okut and Yidirmi (2005) concluded that application of 90 kg N ha -1 in coriander resulted in significantly higher plant height (37.10 during 1998/1999). Attoe and Osodeke (2009) reported significantly higher plant height of Ginger (Zingiber officinale roscoe) at 200 kg N ha -1 (54.50 cm) than other level of nitrogen. Number of branches in a plant Number of branches plant, the parameter related to yield and dry matter production of crops, is positively affected by nitrogen. Mekawey et al. (2010) reported that application of 150 kg N ha -1 in coriander recorded significantly higher number of secondary branches (8.37 plant -1 ) over control (6.05 plant -1 ) and was on par with 100 kg N ha -1 (6.57 plant -1 ) and 200 kg N ha -1 (6.91 plant - 1 ). Amit and Sundeep (2007) reported significantly higher number of primary branches of mustard at 140 kg N ha -1 (7.9 plant -1 ) which was superior over all other N levels but was on par with 120 kg N ha -1 (7.9 plant -1 ). Attoe and Osodeke (2009) studied the effect of nitrogen level on number branch in ginger. They understood that treatment 200 kg of nitrogen produces greatest number of branches Seed yield Sadanandan and Shashidharan (1979) studied the effect
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Zirihi et al. 2301 Figure 2. Termin
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Figure 5. T. catappa Linn. (Combret
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Figure 8. A. fumigatus: Aspect of c
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Figure 12. Sensitivity of A. fumiga
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Journal of Medicinal Plants Researc
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Noormi et al. 2311 Table 1. Callus
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Table 2. Contd. NoC=No callus. 4.0
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Figure 2. Contd. at 2.0 mg/L yellow
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Table 1. Biochemical parameters in
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Figure 3. Bcl-xL reactions in inter
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors would l
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Figure 1. The first page of the boo
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Figure 3. The most widely included
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Figure 4. Lithographic print “St.
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Table 1. List of plants included in
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Table 1. Contd. Nedelcheva 2333 Cin
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Table 1. Contd. Nedelcheva 2335 Rhe
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14 7 1 15 1 35 17 16 Imported plant
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Academy of Science Publishing House
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et al., 1996; van Wyk and Gericke,
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DPPH inhibition (%) DPPH % inhibiti
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% Mortality Concentration (µg/ml)
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information on plants used for the
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Table 1. Levels of independent vari
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Arbutin (mg/g) Co-solvent Figure 1.
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Arbutin (mg/g) Extraction pressure
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Table 3. Arbuitn content of Asian p
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Arbutin (mg/g) Extraction pressure
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Arbutin (mg/g) Extraction temperatu
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Table 1. Chemical composition of es
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Darjazi 2369 Table 2. Statistical a
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Table 3. Correlation matrix (number
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Table 1. Precision test. extraction
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Figure 2. Effect of different alcoh
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Table 6. Results of ANOVA. Nie et a
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Table 2. Plant data and MIC values
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exhibiting the polar extracts of P.
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Table 3. Contd. AcOEt ++ ++ ++ - Me
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Figure 1. Map of Ladakh region of I
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Warghat et al. 2391 Table 3. Summar
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Table 5. Inter-Population genetic i
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Excoffier L, Smouse PE, Quattro JM
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ice residue is an ideal raw materia
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DPPH• scavenging ratio(%) OD valu
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scavenging effect on free radical a
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our new CL system. Fenton reaction
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1 2 Time (s) Figure 2. Kinetic curv
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Wong et al., 2006). It can be seen
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Pan YM, Liang Y, Wang HS, Liang M (
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2422 J. Med. Plants Res. close cano
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2440 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 1. R
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2442 J. Med. Plants Res. Stability
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2450 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 2. A
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2460 J. Med. Plants Res. Department
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2466 J. Med. Plants Res. AOAC (2000
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2500 J. Med. Plants Res. Flowering
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2524 J. Med. Plants Res. ACKNOWLEDG
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UPCOMING CONFERENCES 15th European
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