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2258 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 1. Results of proximate analysis of U. lobata L. (Malvaceae) (%). Test Percentage of dry sample Ash content 8.95 Carbohydrate 47.53 Crude protein 19.79 Fat 10.21 Crude fibre 6.31 Moisture content 7.21 Table 2. Results of mineral analysis of U. lobata L. (Malvaceae) (mg/100 g). Test Results (mg/100 g) Calcium 42.09 Copper 0.31 Iron 9.35 Magnessium 35.38 Manganese 0.81 Phosphorus 24.91 Sodium 29.48 Zinc 51.55 shown in Table 1. The plant contained higher amount of carbohydrate 47.53%. This was similar to the findings of Abolaji et al. (2007) who reported that Blighia sapida contained 44.09% carbohydrate but is higher than that of Senna obtusfolia 23.70% and Amaranthus incurvatus 39.05% (Faruq et al., 2002). It is however, lower than the value for Corchorus tridens 75.0% and sweet potato leaves 82.8% (Asibey-Berko and Taiye., 1999). Carbohydrates are essential for the maintenance of life in both plants and animals and also provide raw materials for many industries (Ebun-Oluwa et al., 2007). The plant is a good source of carbohydrate when consumed because it meets the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) values (FND, 2002). The plant contained crude protein value of 19.79% which is higher than the value reported for Momordica balsania L. 11.29% and Lesianthera africanas 13.1% (Isong and Idiong, 1997), but lower than those value reported for Piper guineeses 29.78% and Talinum. triangulare 31.00% (Etuk et al., 1998; Akindahunsi and Salawu, 2005). However, it compared favourably with the value reported for Gnetum africana 17.50% and Leptadenia hastata by Ekop (2007). The plant is considered a good source of protein because it provides more than 12% of caloric value from protein (Pearson, 1976).The leaves contained 10.21% of crude fat which is a moderate amount when compared to those of T. triangulare 5.9%, Baseila alba 8.71% and Amaranthus hybridus 4.80% (Akindahunsi and Salawu, 2005). Dietary fat increases the palatability of food by absorbing and retaining flavours (Antia et al., 2006). A diet providing 1 - 2% of its caloric of energy as fat is said to be sufficient for human being as excess fat consumption is implicated in certain cardiovascular disorders (Antia et al., 2006).The moisture content value for the leaves of U. lobata L. was 7.21% which is relatively low, therefore it would hinder the growth of spoilage microorganisms and enhance the shelf life. The ash content of U. lobata L. leaves was 8.95% which is lower than the value reported for the leaves of T. triangulare 20.05% (Ifon and Bassir, 1980; Ladan et al., 1996), Ipomea batatas 11.10%, Vernonia colorate 15.86% and Moringa oleiifera 15.09% (Lockett et al., 2000; Antia et al., 2006). It is however higher than that of some Nigerian leafy vegetables such as Ocimum gratissium 8.0% (Akindahunsi and Salawu, 2005). The crude fibre of U. lobata was 6.31%. This value compares favourably with those reported for I. batatas 7.20%, T. triangulare 6.20% and P. guineeses 6.40% (Akindahunsi and Salawu, 2005). The mineral composition of U. lobata L. leaves in mg/100 g were shown in Table 2. It contained sodium 29.45 mg/100 g and potassium 35.38 mg/100 g. The ratio of sodium to potassium is less than 1(0.8); therefore consumption of the plants would reduce high blood pressure disease because Na:K is less than one as recommended by FND (2002). The value of calcium and phosphorus in the leaves of U. lobata L. were 42.09 mg/100 g and 24.91 mg/100 g respectively. Calcium and phosphorus are associated with each other for growth and maintenance of bones, teeth and muscles (Okaka et al., 2006). The phosphorus content of the leaves 24.91 mg/100 g compared favourably with that of I. batatas 37.28 mg/100 g (Antia et al., 2006). For good calcium and phosphorus intestinal absorption, calcium and phosphorus ratio should be close to 1 or unity (Gull-Guerrero et al., 1998) hence, calcium and phosphorus would be well absorbed in the intestine because the ratio or Ca:P in leaves was (0.6) close to unity. Magnessium content of the leaves of U. lobata L. was found to be 35.38% mg/100 g. This value is high when compared to that of Xylopia aethiopica 24 mg/100 g (Abolaji et al., 2007). Magnessium is a component of chlorophyll and it is an important mineral element in connection with ischemic heart disease and calcium metabolism in bones (Ishida et al., 2000). The values of copper and manganese in the leaves of U. lobata L. were 0.31 mg/100 g and 0.81 mg/100 g respectively. This suggests that the leaves of U. lobata L. does not contribute or rather cannot be used as a substitute for blood forming leafy vegetables because it fell far below RDA values (Bogert et al., 1973). Iron content of the leaves of U. lobata L. was 9.35 mg/100 g. This value compared favourably with the value reported for I. batatas 16.00 mg/100 g by Antia et al.
Table 3. Results of phytochemical analysis of U. lobata L. (Malvaceae). Test Results Alkaloid +ve Cardiaglycoside +ve Flavonoid -ve Phlobatanin -ve Tannins +ve Terpenoid +ve Saponin +ve Steroid -ve +ve = Presence of constituents; -ve = Absence of constituents. Fagbohun et al. 2259 Table 4. Antibacterial activity of methanolic extract of U. lobata L. (Malvaceae) on some selected bacterial using punch agar method (Zone of Inhibition in mm). Concentrations 50 mg/ml 25 mg/ml 12.5 mg/ml 6.25 mg/ml 3.13 mg/ml Control Escherichia coli 4.0 4.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 Staphylococcus aureus 3.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Klebsiella species 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Enterococcus species 2.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Pseudomonas aeruginosa 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 (2006) but low when compared to the vaules of other green leafy vegetables (Ibrahim et al., 2001). Iron is an essential element for haemoglobin formation, normal functioning of central nervous system and oxidation of carbohydrate, protein and fats (Adeyeye and Otokili, 1999). The leaves are a good source of iron because it meets the RDA value of 11.2 mg (Bogert et al., 1973). The zinc value for the leaves of U. lobata L. was 51.55 mg/100 g. This is the most abundant mineral found in the leaves in this work. Zinc is involved in normal function of immune system and is a component of over 50 enzymes in the body (Okaka et al., 2006). The leaves are a good source of zinc because it is far above 6.23 mg recommended by RDA (Borgert et al., 1973). The result of phytochemical analysis of leaves of U. lobata L. are shown in Table 3. The plant contained alkaloid, saponin, tannins, terpenoid and cardiac glycoside while flavonoid, steroid and phlobatanin were absent. Alkaloids has been found to have microbiocidal effect and the major anti-diarrheal effect is probably due to their effects on small intestine and antihypertensive effect (Trease and Evans, 1978) Some alkaloids are useful against HIV infection as well as intestinal infection associated with AIDS (McDevitt et al., 1976). Saponin was detected in the leaves of U. lobata L. This compound has been reported to have antihyper-cholesterol, hypotensive and cardiac depressant properties (Trease and Evans, 1985; Ghoshal, 1996). The plant also showed the presence of tannins. The presence of tannin in U. lobata L. suggests the ability of the plant to play a major role as anti diarrheaic and anti-haemorrhagic agent (Asquith and Butler, 1986). The leaves of U. lobata L. showed a positive result for cardiac glycoside, which have been used for two centuries as stimulants in treatment of cardiac failure and diseases (Trease and Evans, 1985; Olayinka et al., 1992). This perhaps justifies its use by local herbalists for treatment and management of hypertension (Cowan, 1999). The plant also showed presence of terpenoids. The anti-bacterial and anti-protozoan properties of this compound have been reported by Ghoshal et al. (1996); and Mendoza et al. (1997).The result of antibacterial activities of methnolic extract of leaves of U. lobata L. are shown on Table 4. E. coli was sensitive to the methanolic extract with zones of inhibition that varied from 1.00 to 4.00 mm at concentration that varied from 6.25 – 50 mg/ml while S. aureus had zone of inhibition that varied from 1.0 - 3.0 mm. Enterococcus sp. had zone of inhibition that varied from 1.0 - 2.0 mm at concentration that varied between 25 - 50 mg/ml. However, P. aeruginosa was not sensitive to the extract at all the concentrations tested. The antifungal activities of the methanolic extract of U. lobata L. on the radial mycelia growth of the test fungi are shown shown in Table 5. B. theobromae had a percentage of inhibition that varied from 20 - 50% at concentration of 6.25 - 50 mg/ml while Rhizopus sp. had a percentage of inhibition that varied from 20 - 50% at concentration of
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Journal of Medicinal Plants Researc
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Noormi et al. 2311 Table 1. Callus
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Figure 2. Contd. at 2.0 mg/L yellow
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Table 1. Biochemical parameters in
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Figure 3. Bcl-xL reactions in inter
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors would l
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Figure 3. The most widely included
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Figure 4. Lithographic print “St.
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Table 1. List of plants included in
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14 7 1 15 1 35 17 16 Imported plant
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Academy of Science Publishing House
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et al., 1996; van Wyk and Gericke,
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DPPH inhibition (%) DPPH % inhibiti
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% Mortality Concentration (µg/ml)
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information on plants used for the
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Table 1. Levels of independent vari
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Arbutin (mg/g) Co-solvent Figure 1.
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Arbutin (mg/g) Extraction pressure
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Arbutin (mg/g) Extraction pressure
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Arbutin (mg/g) Extraction temperatu
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Darjazi 2369 Table 2. Statistical a
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exhibiting the polar extracts of P.
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Table 5. Inter-Population genetic i
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Excoffier L, Smouse PE, Quattro JM
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ice residue is an ideal raw materia
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DPPH• scavenging ratio(%) OD valu
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scavenging effect on free radical a
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our new CL system. Fenton reaction
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1 2 Time (s) Figure 2. Kinetic curv
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Wong et al., 2006). It can be seen
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Pan YM, Liang Y, Wang HS, Liang M (
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2442 J. Med. Plants Res. Stability
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UPCOMING CONFERENCES 15th European
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