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Alireza 2485 Table 4. Antibacterial activity (zoon inhibition) of the oil of flowers ,leaves, stems and roots of four Hypericum against four gram positive and gram negative bacteria (%) as compare Streptomycin (N.T=Not Tested). Zone of inhibition (mm) Oil in DMSO (1:2) H. perforatum H. hyssopifolium H. helianthemoides H. scabrum MTCC No. respectively. (c) Stems: Forty five compounds identified in stems oil (95.3%). β-Caryophyllene (6.0%), Germacrene D (6.7%), β-Pinene (10.5%), (E)-β- Farnesene (4.2%), and α-Selinene (4.5%) were main components. Monoterpenes (33.4%), sesquiterpenes (35.1%), oxygenated mono- and sesquiterpenes (7.1 and 12.9%, respectively) were identified. (d) Roots: forty four constituents representing88.7% of essential oils were identified in the essential oils of H. hyssopifolium roots, 24.8, 7.9, 36.3 and 15.2 were percentages of Streptomycin Gram-positive bacteria Gram-negative bacteria 1 mg/ml B. cereus B. subtillis Staphylococcus Escherichia Klebsiella Proteus Salmunella - 430 441 2940 443 109 426 733 Flower 11.5 12.5(108) 13(113) 12.5(108) 12.5(109) 11.5(100) 13(113) 10(87) Leaves 10.5 13(124) 11.5(109) 10(95) 12(114) 11(105) 10(95) 9(86) Stems 8 10(125) 8(100) 7(86) 7(87) 6.5(81) 7.5(94) 8(100) Roots 6.5 7(108) 6(86) 5(77) 6(92) 5(77) 5.5(100) 6.5(100) Flower 12 13(108) 12(100) 13.5(120) 13(108) 12.5(104) 11.5(96) 10(83) Leaves 11 11(100) 12(109) 11.5(104) 12(109) 12.5(114) 13(118) 10.5(95) Stems 10.5 9(86) 8.5(81) 9.5(90) 13(124) 12.5(119) 13(124) 11.5(109) Roots N.T N.T N.T N.T N.T N.T N.T N.T Flower 13 12.5(96) 12(92) 11.5(88) 13(100) 12.5(96) 11(85) 10.5(81) Leaves 11.5 10.5(91) 10(87) 9(78) 13(113) 12(104) 10(87) 12(104) Stems 9 7(78) 6(67) 6(67) 10(111) 8(89) 7.5(83) 7(78) Roots N.T N.T N.T N.T N.T N.T N.T N.T Flower 12 14(116) 13(108) 13.5(112) 11(92) 12(100) 12.5(104) 10(83) Leaves 10 11(110) 11.5(115) 12(120) 11(110) 12(120) 12(120) 11.5(115) Stems 8 10.5(131) 9(112) 9.5(119) N.T N.T N.T N.T Roots 6.5 6(92) 5(77) 5.5(85) 6(92) 7(108) 8(123) 5.5(85) mono-, oxygenated mono-, sesqui and oxygenated sesquiterpenes respectively. α- Pinene (12.5%), β-Pinene (7.0%), Thymol (5.0%), β-Caryophyllene (5.5%), Germacrene D (4.2%) , β-Eudesmol (4.5%) and Spathulenol (4.6%) were main components. 3. H. helianthemoides The compounds identified in flowers, leaves, stems and roots of H. helianthemoides essential oils are listed in Table 3. (a) Flowers: Fifty constituents accounted for 90.2% of the total flowers oil. α-Pinene (13.5%), β-Caryophyllene (19.0%), (Z)-β-Ocimene (6.7%), Germacrene D (2.5%) and Spathulenol (8.0%) were major components. Monoterpenes, oxygenated monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes and oxygenated sesquiterpenes were 26.1, 7.2, 32.0 and 22.2%, respectively. (b) Leaves: Forty nine constituents accounted for 93.3% of the total leaves oil. α-Pinene (12.0%),(Z)-β-Ocimene (3.7%), β-Copaene (7.2%), β- Caryophyllene (10.2%), Spathulenol (6.5%) and Germacrene D (4.2%) were major
2486 J. Med. Plants Res. components. Monoterpenes, oxygenated monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes and oxygenated sesquiterpenes were 25.2, 15.2, 37.4 and 14.4%, respectively. (c) Stems: Thirty nine compounds identified in stems oil (89.8%). α-Pinene (10.0%), Camphene (4.3%), Camphor (4.0%), β-Caryophyllene (15.9%), Germacrene D (3.5%) and Spathulenol (7.0%) were main components. Monoterpenes (24.1%), sesquiterpenes (32.8%), oxygenated mono- and sesquiterpenes (16.5% and 16.0% respectively) were identified. (d) Roots: Forty six constituents representing 87.3% of essential oils were identified in the essential oils of H. helianthemoides roots . 25.1, 9.9, 36.8 and 12.9 were percentages of mono-, oxygenated mono-, sesqui and oxygenated sesquiterpenes respectively. α-Pinene (7.0%), trans-Pinene (4.2%), Camphene (5.1%), β- Caryophyllene (9.0%), Germacrene D (3.9%), β-Copaene (9.1%) and Spathulenol (4.0%) were main components. 4. H. scabrum The compounds identified in flowers, leaves, stems and roots of H. scabrum essential oils are listed in Table 3. (a) Flowers: Fifty eight constituents accounted for 98.1% of the total flowers oil. α-Pinene (31.5%), Myrcene (3.1%), p-Cymene (3.6%), Germacrene D (2.5%) and Spathulenol (4.5%) were major components. Monoterpenes, oxygenated monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes and oxygenated sesquiterpenes were 47.5, 21.5, 16.4 and 10.2%, respectively. (b) Leaves: Forty three constituents accounted for 94.1% of the total leaves oil. α-Pinene (33.0%), Myrcene (4.0%), β-Caryophyllene (2.5%), Spathulenol (7.0%), β- Eudesmol (3.5%) and Germacrene D (2.4%) were major components. Monoterpenes, oxygenated monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes and oxygenated sesquiterpenes were 46.7, 12.6, 17.0 and 15.7%, respectively. (c) Stems: forty one compounds identified in stems oil (88.2%). α-Pinene (32.5%), Myrcene (3.2%), β- Pinene(4.0%), α-Humulene (3.1%), β-Eudesmol (4.2%), Germacrene D (3.1%) and Spathulenol (6.2%) were main components. Monoterpenes (43.9%), sesquiterpenes (15.0%), oxygenated mono- and sesquiterpenes (14.8% and 13.8%) were identified, respectively. (d) Roots: forty constituents representing 79.4% of essential oils were identified in the essential oils of H. scabrum roots. 38.2, 9.5, 16.0 and 13.2 were percentages of mono-, oxygenated mono-, sesqui and oxygenated sesquiterpenes respectively. α-Pinene (25.7%), β-Pinene (3.7%), Myrcene (4.0%), Germacrene D (3.0%), γ-Cadinene (3.9%), β-Eudesmol (4.7%) and Spathulenol (5.9%) were main components. As a light conclusion according to Cakir et al. (2005), Hypericum species can be divided in two groups, based on the monoterpene and sesquiterpene content with emphasis on ß-caryophyllene and α-pinene as the major and characteristic compounds. Hence, H. perforatum L., H. hyssopifolium and H. scabrum could be placed in the pinene group, because α-pinene is major components in the essential oils of them, and H. helianthemoides in the ß-caryophyllene group because it's essential oils is rich in ß-caryophyllene. Antimicrobial activity The results of antimicrobial activity of the four Hypericum genus essential oils against seven bacterial (gram positive and gram negative) are listed in Table 4. Zone of inhibition diameters (mm) determinations were obtained by disc agar diffusion method . In general, the oils showed moderate activity against all tested microorganisms. The H. perforatum L., H. hyssopifolium , H. helianthemoides and H. Scabrum oils obtained from flowers, leaves, stems and roots in DMSO (1:2 dilutions) showed 77 to 125, 81 to 120, 67 to 96 and 77 to 131% inhibition against gram positive bacteria : B. cereus, B. subtilis and S. aureus subsp. aureus, respectively, as compared to the standard, streptomycin at 10 µl/disc (Table 4). The H. perforatum L. H. hyssopifolium ,H. helianthemoides and H. Scabrum oils obtained from flowers, leaves, stems and roots in DMSO (1:2 dilutions) showed 77 to 114, 83 to 124, 78 to 113 and 83 to 123% inhibition against gram negative bacteria : K. pneumonia, E. coli, P. vulgaris and S. typhi respectively, as compared to the standard, streptomycin at 10 µl/disc (Table 4). The antimicrobial potential of four Hypericum genus essential oils could be explained by its high content of terpenoids. This activity is suspected to be associated with the high percentage of sesquiterpenoid fraction, since it was previously reported that ß-caryophyllene, ßpinene and caryophyllene oxide possessed moderate to strong activities against a number of microorganisms (Magiatis et al., 2002; Bougatsos et al., 2004). ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author is thankful to Prof. Rustaiyan, Dr. Masoudi, Dr. Mehrzad, Dr. Taheri, and (MSc. Student) Zohreh Ebrahimi. REFERENCES Adams RP (2007). Identification of Essential oil Components by Gas Chromatography / Mass Spectrometry, 4th Ed. Allured Publishing Co. Carol Stream, Illinois. Akhbari M, Batooli H (2009). Composition of Hypericum perforatum L. volatile oil from Kashan. Am-Eurasian J. Sustain. Agric., 3(1): 107- 110. Barnes J, Anderson LA, Phillipson JD (2001). St.Johm’s Wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) : a review of its chemistry, pharmacology
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Journal of Medicinal Plants Researc
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Editors Prof. Akah Peter Achunike E
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Electronic submission of manuscript
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Fees and Charges: Authors are requi
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Table of Contents: Volume 6 Number
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Figure 1. Chuanxiong Rhizoma (http:
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Table 1. Identification of main pea
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Table 3. Pharmacokinetic parameters
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active component study, many invest
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and 1185 kg ha -1 in the first site
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Table 1. Recommendation for use fer
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Sadanandan AK, Hamza S (1996c). Stu
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and it has been traced to South Ame
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Table 3. Results of phytochemical a
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(a) (b) (c) Figure 1. (a) Normal ce
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emedies in the south of Brazil. J.
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known fatty acids and terpenoids we
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Table 1. Renal function tests of ra
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Al-Radahe et al. 2271 Figure 3.nnnn
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namely disruption of the vascular e
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Zayachkivska OS, Konturek SJ, Drozd
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β-carotene were purchased from Sig
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Figure 1. Effect of ethanol concent
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Table 3. Climatic and soil factors
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content of polysaccharides. Phospha
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Serge et al. 2285 Table 1. Relative
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Percentage inhibition % of inhibiti
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Table 1. Result of phytochemical sc
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Table 3. Result of thin layer chrom
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Table 2. MIC of a compound 1 from c
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Zirihi et al. 2301 Figure 2. Termin
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Figure 5. T. catappa Linn. (Combret
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Figure 8. A. fumigatus: Aspect of c
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Figure 12. Sensitivity of A. fumiga
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Noormi et al. 2311 Table 1. Callus
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Table 2. Contd. NoC=No callus. 4.0
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Figure 2. Contd. at 2.0 mg/L yellow
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Table 1. Biochemical parameters in
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Figure 3. Bcl-xL reactions in inter
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors would l
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Figure 1. The first page of the boo
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Figure 3. The most widely included
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Figure 4. Lithographic print “St.
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Table 1. List of plants included in
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Table 1. Contd. Nedelcheva 2333 Cin
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Table 1. Contd. Nedelcheva 2335 Rhe
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14 7 1 15 1 35 17 16 Imported plant
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Academy of Science Publishing House
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et al., 1996; van Wyk and Gericke,
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DPPH inhibition (%) DPPH % inhibiti
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% Mortality Concentration (µg/ml)
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information on plants used for the
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Table 1. Levels of independent vari
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Arbutin (mg/g) Co-solvent Figure 1.
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Arbutin (mg/g) Extraction pressure
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Table 3. Arbuitn content of Asian p
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Arbutin (mg/g) Extraction pressure
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Arbutin (mg/g) Extraction temperatu
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Table 1. Chemical composition of es
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Darjazi 2369 Table 2. Statistical a
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Table 3. Correlation matrix (number
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Table 1. Precision test. extraction
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Figure 2. Effect of different alcoh
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Table 6. Results of ANOVA. Nie et a
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Table 2. Plant data and MIC values
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exhibiting the polar extracts of P.
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Table 3. Contd. AcOEt ++ ++ ++ - Me
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Figure 1. Map of Ladakh region of I
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Warghat et al. 2391 Table 3. Summar
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Table 5. Inter-Population genetic i
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Excoffier L, Smouse PE, Quattro JM
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ice residue is an ideal raw materia
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DPPH• scavenging ratio(%) OD valu
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scavenging effect on free radical a
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our new CL system. Fenton reaction
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1 2 Time (s) Figure 2. Kinetic curv
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Wong et al., 2006). It can be seen
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Pan YM, Liang Y, Wang HS, Liang M (
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2422 J. Med. Plants Res. close cano
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