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Journal of Medicinal Plants Research Vol. 6(12), pp. 2453-2457, 30 March, 2012 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/JMPR DOI: 10.5897/JMPR11.1641 ISSN 1996-0875 ©2012 <strong>Academic</strong> <strong>Journals</strong> Full Length Research Paper Acute toxicity of Clarias gariepinus exposed to Datura innoxia leaf extract Ayuba V. O. 1 *, Ofojekwu P. C. 2 and Musa S. O. 2 1 Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria. 2 Department of Zoology University of Jos, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria. Accepted 1 February, 2012 Acute toxicity test was carried out with aqueous extract of Datura innoxia leaf on Clarias gariepinus fingerlings for 96 h under laboratory conditions using static bioassays with continuous aeration. The LC50 of the exposed fingerlings was 120.23 mg/L with lower and upper confidence limits of 96.18 and 150.29 mg/L, respectively. The fish exhibited loss of balance, respiratory distress, vertical and erratic movement, accumulation of mucus on the body surface and gill filament and death. Water quality parameters were within recommended acceptable limits. Key words: Datura innoxia, Clarias gariepinus, static bioassays, 96 h LC50. INTRODUCTION Different plants assume different importance in different societies. Solanaceae plants occupy a prominent position as source of drugs in medicine, pharmacology but many are toxic when used in excess. Toxin concentrations in a plant can vary tremendously, often by 100 times or more, and can be dramatically affected by environmental stress on the plant (drought, heat/cold, mineral deficiencies, etc) and disease. Different varieties of the same plant species can also have different levels of toxins and nutritional value (D'Mello, 2000). Effect of naturally-occurring plantmade toxins found at low levels in many foods and drugs for humans and animals is based on laboratory tests using toxin concentrations much higher than the concentrations normally found in food and drug. Datura innoxia, which belongs to the family Solanaceae, has been reported by Djibo and Bouzon (2000) to contain hallucinogenic properties as the flowers and seeds were used for voluntary intoxication in Niger. Dereck (2002) listed D. innoxia as one of the poisonous houseplants as well as a sedative. The toxicity of most plant extracts varies depending on the type and animal species involved. This is due in part to the phytochemical composition of the extract and also the very great variation in susceptibility between individual animals. Ayuba et al. (2011) reported the phytochemical *Corresponding author. E-mail: vayuba2001@yahoo.com. components of the plant, D. innoxia, to include atropine scopolamine, saponins, phenols, flavonolds and cardiac glycocides. Biologically, the African catfish, Clarias gariepinus, is undoubtedly an ideal aquaculture species. It is widely distributed, not only in African countries but also in the Netherlands; it thrives in diverse environments, temperate to tropical (Hecht et al., 1996). It is hardy and adaptable principally as a consequence of its air breathing ability, feeds on a wide array of natural prey under diverse conditions, is able to withstand adverse environmental conditions, is highly resistant to diseases, and is highly fecund and easily spawned under captive conditions. It has a wide tolerance of relatively poor water quality and possibly the most exciting feature of the species is its potential for highly intensive culture without prerequisite pond aeration or high water exchange rates and its excellent meat quality (Hecht et al., 1996), hence its choice for this study. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fresh samples of D. innoxia leaves were collected from the University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria and brought to hydrobiology and Fisheries Research Laboratory, University of Jos Nigeria, where they were washed and air dried to constant weight. The dried samples were pounded using a clean laboratory mortar to a fine powder which was then sieve through 0.25 mm sieve. 500 g of the resultant powder was dissolved in 2 L of water at room
2454 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 1. Ingredient and proximate composition of diet fed to C. gariepinus. Ingredient (%) Diet Fish meal 30 Soyabean meal 35 Bone meal 10 Rice bran 15 Corn oil 3 *Vitamin and mineral mix 5 Starch 2 Proximate composition (% DM) Crude protein 44.5 Crude fat 8.6 Crude fibre 5.1 Ash 16.4 NFE 25.5 Table 2. Mortality rate of C. gariepinus fingerlings exposed to acute concentrations of D. innoxia leaf extract. Concentration (mg/L) Log Time (h) for 50% mortality Mean total mortality (%) Mean probit value 200.00 2.30 36 (0.00) 90 (10.00) 6.28 (3.72) 180.00 2.25 36 (0.00) 80 (0.00) 5.84 (0.00) 160.00 2.20 48 (0.00) 55 (5.05) 5.13 (3.35) 140.00 2.15 54 (6.00) 50 (0.00) 5.00 (0.00) 120.00 2.08 90 (0.00) 50 (10.00) 5.00 (3.72) 100.00 2.00 - 25.(0.05) 4.87 (3.35) 0.00 0.00 - - - temperature (23± 0.5°C) for 24 h. The extract was filtered through Whatman’s filter paper (No. 1) with the aid of a vacuum pump. The filtrate was freeze dried and used for the experiment. Healthy specimens of C. gariepinus fingerlings weighing 10.3(± 0. 35) g were collected from Rock water fish farm Jos. They were acclimatized for two weeks under laboratory conditions; during that period, fish were fed 4% of their body weight with laboratory formulated feed (Table 1); their mortality during acclimation period was less than 3%. After acclimation, the freeze-dried extract was dissolved in distilled water and introduced into 18 glass aquariums each measuring 60 cm × 30 cm × 30 cm containing dechlorinated well aerated municipal tap water at a concentration 200.00, 180.00, 160.00, 140.00, 120.00 and 100.00 mg/L while 0.00 mgL -1 served as control. Each concentration had 3 replicates. Fish were randomly selected and stocked at 10 fingerlings per glass aquarium. Fish were staved for 24 h prior to and throughout the exposure period which lasted 96 h. Static bioassay techniques as described by Reish and Oshida (1987) were used. The following physiochemical parameters (temperature, dissolve oxygen, pH, total alkalinity, ammonia-nitrogen and Free carbon dioxide) using methods described by APHA et al. (1985) were measured at the beginning and daily thereafter. Aeration was provided prior to exposure and during exposure in all experimental aquaria. The behaviour of the fish was observed before and during exposure period. The tanks were examined for mortality every 6 h until the end of the 96 h exposure period. Fish were considered dead when the opercula and tail movements stopped and there was no response to a gentle prodding. Dead fish were removed immediately from test solutions to avoid fouling the test media.The 96 h LC50 was determined as a probit analysis using the arithmetic method of percentage mortality data. The lower and uppers confidence limits of the LC50 were determined as described by UNEP (1989). Result obtained were subjected to statistical analysis with Duncan’s multiple range F-test to test for significant difference (P < 0.05) between the various concentrations of D. innoxia and the control. RESULTS The results of the mean mortality rates of the fish C. gariepinus exposed to D. innoxia leaf extract are presented in Table 2. The logarithmic-probability curves of the mean mortality rates are presented in Figure 1. It was observed during the exposure that fish placed in media devoid of the extract survived the 96 h exposure
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Journal of Medicinal Plants Researc
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Editors Prof. Akah Peter Achunike E
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Electronic submission of manuscript
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Fees and Charges: Authors are requi
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Table of Contents: Volume 6 Number
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Figure 1. Chuanxiong Rhizoma (http:
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Table 1. Identification of main pea
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Table 3. Pharmacokinetic parameters
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active component study, many invest
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and 1185 kg ha -1 in the first site
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Table 1. Recommendation for use fer
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Sadanandan AK, Hamza S (1996c). Stu
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and it has been traced to South Ame
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Table 3. Results of phytochemical a
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(a) (b) (c) Figure 1. (a) Normal ce
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emedies in the south of Brazil. J.
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known fatty acids and terpenoids we
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Table 1. Renal function tests of ra
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Al-Radahe et al. 2271 Figure 3.nnnn
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namely disruption of the vascular e
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Zayachkivska OS, Konturek SJ, Drozd
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β-carotene were purchased from Sig
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Figure 1. Effect of ethanol concent
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Table 3. Climatic and soil factors
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content of polysaccharides. Phospha
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Serge et al. 2285 Table 1. Relative
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Percentage inhibition % of inhibiti
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Table 1. Result of phytochemical sc
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Table 3. Result of thin layer chrom
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Table 2. MIC of a compound 1 from c
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Figure 5. T. catappa Linn. (Combret
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Figure 8. A. fumigatus: Aspect of c
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Figure 12. Sensitivity of A. fumiga
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Noormi et al. 2311 Table 1. Callus
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Table 2. Contd. NoC=No callus. 4.0
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Figure 2. Contd. at 2.0 mg/L yellow
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Table 1. Biochemical parameters in
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Figure 3. Bcl-xL reactions in inter
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors would l
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Figure 1. The first page of the boo
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Figure 3. The most widely included
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Figure 4. Lithographic print “St.
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Table 1. List of plants included in
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Table 1. Contd. Nedelcheva 2333 Cin
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14 7 1 15 1 35 17 16 Imported plant
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Academy of Science Publishing House
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et al., 1996; van Wyk and Gericke,
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DPPH inhibition (%) DPPH % inhibiti
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% Mortality Concentration (µg/ml)
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information on plants used for the
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Table 1. Levels of independent vari
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Arbutin (mg/g) Co-solvent Figure 1.
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Arbutin (mg/g) Extraction pressure
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Table 3. Arbuitn content of Asian p
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Arbutin (mg/g) Extraction pressure
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Darjazi 2369 Table 2. Statistical a
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Table 3. Correlation matrix (number
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Table 1. Precision test. extraction
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Figure 2. Effect of different alcoh
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Table 6. Results of ANOVA. Nie et a
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Table 2. Plant data and MIC values
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exhibiting the polar extracts of P.
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Table 3. Contd. AcOEt ++ ++ ++ - Me
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Figure 1. Map of Ladakh region of I
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UPCOMING CONFERENCES 15th European
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