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vera MM cell- suspension. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 47: 683- 688. Johri BM, Bhattacharyya B (1998). Flowering plants: Taxonomy and phylogeny. Springer-Verlag. Kamboj VP (2000). Flok medicine of Sahariyas for General Ailments. Current Sci., 78: 35-39. Kapadia GJ, Tokuda H, Konoshima T, Nishino H (1996). Chemoprevention of lung and skin cancer by Beta vulgaris (beet) root extract.. Cancer letters. 100: 211-214. Karuppusamy S (2009). A review on trends in production of secondary metabolites from higher plants by in vitro tissue, organ and cell cultures. J. Med. Plants Res., 3: 1222-1239. Kirtikar KR, Basu BD (1991). Indian medicinal plants. Dehradun. International Book Distributors. Lee JC, Kim HR, Kim J, Jang YS (2002). The inhibitory effect of Opuntia humifusa Raf. ethylacetate extract on platelet aggregation. J. Agric. Food Chem., 50: 6490-6496. Lee MH, Kim JY, Yoon JH, Lim HJ, Kim TH, Jin C, Kwak WJ, Han CK, Ryu JH (2006). Antioxidant property of an ethanol extract of the stem of Opuntia ficus-indica var. saboten. Phytother. Phytother. Res., 20: 742-747. Lila MA (2004). Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase expression in activated microglia and peroxynitrite scavenging activity by Opuntia ficus indica var. saboten. J. Agric. Food Chem., 50: 6490–6496. Nadkarni KM (1996). Dr. KM Nadkarni's Indian.Materia Medica. Popular Prakashan. Ramachandra RS, Ravishankar GA (2002). Plant cell cultures: Chemical factories of secondary metabolites. Biotechnol. Adv., 20: 101-153. Radfar et al. 2447 SÃ¡nchez FD, LÃ³pez EMS, Kerstupp SF, Ibarra RV, Scheinvar L (2006). Colorant extraction from red prickly pear (Opuntia lasiacantha) for food application. J. Environ. Agric. Food Chem., 5: 1330-1337. Sreekanth D, Arunasree MK, Roy KR, Chandramohan RT, Reddy GV, Reddanna P (2007). Betanin a betacyanin pigment purified from fruits of Opuntia ficus-indica induces apoptosis in human chronic myeloid leukemia Cell line-K562. Phytomedicine, 14: 739-746. Stintzing FC, Herbach KM, Mosshammer MR, Carle R, Yi W, Sellappan S, Akoh CC, Bunch R, Felker P (2005). Color, betalin pattern, and antioxidant properties of cactus pear (Opuntia spp.) clones. J. Agric. Food Chem., 53: 442-451. Su W (1995). Bioprocessing technology for plant cell suspension cultures. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol., 50: 189-230. Vanisree M, Lee CY, Lo SF, Nalawade SM, Lin CY, Tsay HS (2004). Studies on the production of some important secondary metabolites from medicinal plant by tissue cultures. Bot. Bull. Acad. Sin., 45: 1-22. Vuorela P, Leinonen M, Saikku P, Tammela P, Wennberg T, Vuorela H (2004). Natural products in the process of finding new drug candidates.. Current Med. Chem., 11: 1375-1389. Wink M, Alfermann AW, Franke R, Wetterauer B, Distl M, WindhÃvel J, Krohn O, Fuss E, Garden H, Mohagheghzadeh A (2005). Sustainable bioproduction of phytochemicals by plant in vitro cultures: Anticancer agents. Plant Gene. Resour, Characterization and Utilization. 3: 90-100.
Journal of Medicinal Plants Research Vol. 6(12), pp. 2448-2452, 30 March, 2012 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/JMPR DOI: 10.5897/JMPR11.1550 ISSN 1996-0875 ©2012 <strong>Academic</strong> <strong>Journals</strong> Full Length Research Paper Anti-Candida activity of ethanolic extracts of Iranian endemic medicinal herbs against Candida albicans H.A. Rohi Boroujeni 1 , A. Ghasemi Pirbalouti 1 *, B. Hamedi 1 , R. Abdizadeh 1 and F. Malekpoor 2 1 Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad ‎University, Researches Centre of Medicinal Plants and Ethno-veterinary, Rahmatieh, POBox: ‎‏166‏‎, Shahrekord, Iran. 2 Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Science, Tarbiat Moallem University (Kharazmi), Tehran, Iran. Accepted 14 December, 2011 It has long been known that herbs and their extracts have antimicrobial activities. Heracleum lasiopetalum Boiss., Satureja bachtiarica Bunge., Thymus daenensis Celak., Echiophora platyloba L., Dracocephalum multicaule Benth., Kelussia odoratissima Mozaff. and Achillea kellalensis Boiss. are Iranian endemic plant species that have been traditionally used as medicinal herbs and spices in different regions of Iran especially Central Zagross. Seven ethanolic extracts of endemic medicinal herbs and one extract of native medicinal herb (Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl.) collected from Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari province of Iran were assayed for the in vitro antifungal activity against Candida albicans (ATCC1023), using agar dilution methods. Most of the extracts showed relatively high anti-Candida activity against the tested fungi with the diameter of inhibition zone ranging between 8 and 17 mm. The extracts of S. bachtiarica and T. daenensis exhibited high inhibitory effect against C. albicans. The extracts of S. bachtiarica and T. daenensis were characterized using HPLC, the major components of S. bachtiarica and T. daenensis were carvacrol and thymol, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values for active extract range between 25 and 50 µg/ml. In conclusion, it can be said that the extract of some of the Iranian endemic medicinal plants (S. bachtiarica and T. daenensis) could be used as natural anti-Candida. Key words: Candida albicans, endemic medicinal herbs, antifungal activity, Satureja bachtiarica, Thymus daenensis. INTRODUCTION Infectious diseases especially of fungal origin are major health hazard all over the world and in some cases they cause premature deaths, that is, almost 50,000 people per day (Mulligen et al., 1993) and they have increased markedly during the last decade (Terell, 1999; Meis and Verweji, 2001). Candidal infection represents one of the most rapidly increasing healthcare infections ‎with a significant mortality rate in hospitalized patients (Jarvis, 1995‎;‎ Wey et al., 1989).‎ These fungal infections are becoming more prevalent worldwide because the size of the ‎immunocompromised patient population is rising, and despite appropriate anti-fungal ‎therapy, mortality from candidemia is over 30% (Morgan et al., 2005)‎. Candida *Corresponding author. E-mail: ghasemi@iaushk.ac.ir. species are now recognized as major agents of hospital acquired infection (Douglas, 2003). Candida species are the most common fungal pathogens of humans and are the ‎causative agents of oral and vaginal candidiasis, giving rise to severe morbidity in ‎millions of individuals worldwide (Calderone and ‎ Fonzi‎, 2001; Ruhnke, 2002).‎ Candida albicans is the organism most often associated with serious fungal infection and it is showing increased resistance to traditional antifungal agents (Hawser and Douglas, 1995; Jarvis, 1995). C. albicans is a diploid fungus that grows both as yeast and filamentous cells, and ‎is‎ a causal agent of opportunistic oral and genital infections in humans (Ryan and Ray‎, 2004; Enfert and Hube, 2007). ‎C. albicans is one of the leading causes of opportunistic fungal infections in immunocompromised individuals, including AIDS patients, transplant recipients, and cancer patients ‎(Scherer and Magee‎, 1990‎;‎
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Journal of Medicinal Plants Researc
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Editors Prof. Akah Peter Achunike E
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Electronic submission of manuscript
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Fees and Charges: Authors are requi
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Table of Contents: Volume 6 Number
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Figure 1. Chuanxiong Rhizoma (http:
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Table 1. Identification of main pea
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Table 3. Pharmacokinetic parameters
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active component study, many invest
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and 1185 kg ha -1 in the first site
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Table 1. Recommendation for use fer
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Sadanandan AK, Hamza S (1996c). Stu
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and it has been traced to South Ame
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Table 3. Results of phytochemical a
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(a) (b) (c) Figure 1. (a) Normal ce
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emedies in the south of Brazil. J.
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known fatty acids and terpenoids we
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Table 1. Renal function tests of ra
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Al-Radahe et al. 2271 Figure 3.nnnn
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namely disruption of the vascular e
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Zayachkivska OS, Konturek SJ, Drozd
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β-carotene were purchased from Sig
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Figure 1. Effect of ethanol concent
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Table 3. Climatic and soil factors
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content of polysaccharides. Phospha
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Serge et al. 2285 Table 1. Relative
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Percentage inhibition % of inhibiti
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Table 1. Result of phytochemical sc
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Table 3. Result of thin layer chrom
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Table 2. MIC of a compound 1 from c
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Zirihi et al. 2301 Figure 2. Termin
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Figure 5. T. catappa Linn. (Combret
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Figure 8. A. fumigatus: Aspect of c
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Figure 12. Sensitivity of A. fumiga
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Noormi et al. 2311 Table 1. Callus
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Table 2. Contd. NoC=No callus. 4.0
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Figure 2. Contd. at 2.0 mg/L yellow
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Table 1. Biochemical parameters in
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Figure 3. Bcl-xL reactions in inter
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors would l
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Figure 1. The first page of the boo
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Figure 3. The most widely included
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Figure 4. Lithographic print “St.
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Table 1. List of plants included in
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Table 1. Contd. Nedelcheva 2333 Cin
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Table 1. Contd. Nedelcheva 2335 Rhe
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14 7 1 15 1 35 17 16 Imported plant
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Academy of Science Publishing House
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et al., 1996; van Wyk and Gericke,
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DPPH inhibition (%) DPPH % inhibiti
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% Mortality Concentration (µg/ml)
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information on plants used for the
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Table 1. Levels of independent vari
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Arbutin (mg/g) Co-solvent Figure 1.
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Arbutin (mg/g) Extraction pressure
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Table 3. Arbuitn content of Asian p
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Arbutin (mg/g) Extraction pressure
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Arbutin (mg/g) Extraction temperatu
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Table 1. Chemical composition of es
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Darjazi 2369 Table 2. Statistical a
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Table 3. Correlation matrix (number
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Table 1. Precision test. extraction
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Figure 2. Effect of different alcoh
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Table 6. Results of ANOVA. Nie et a
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Table 2. Plant data and MIC values
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2500 J. Med. Plants Res. Flowering
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2524 J. Med. Plants Res. ACKNOWLEDG
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UPCOMING CONFERENCES 15th European
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