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Table 2. Determination of salicin content in taxilli herba medicinal materials and their host plants. Samples no. 1 2 3 Samples Samples weight (g) Retention time (min) Peak areas Contents of salicin (mg·g -1 ) Lu et al. 2477 Relative contents (%) a Branches of Willow 0.2036 6.044 16759 0.84 Leaves of Willow 0.2048 5.968 17596 0.87 Branches of Taxillus chinensis 0.2016 6.003 35595 1.80 214.29 Leaves of Taxillus chinensis 0.2020 6.007 61376 3.09 355.17 Branches of Willow 0.2017 6.016 20990 1.06 Leaves of Willow 0.2012 5.936 65024 3.29 Branches of Taxillus chinensis 0.2039 6.023 60481 3.02 284.91 Leaves of Taxillus chinensis 0.2011 5.933 208725 10.56 320.97 Branches of mulberry 0.2031 / / / Leaves of mulberry 0.2023 / / / Branches of Taxillus chinensis 0.2038 / / / Leaves of Taxillus chinensis 0.2048 / / / a Relative content (%) = [(content of salicin in parasitic loranthus) / (content of salicin in the same part of it host tree)] × 100%. delivering their inherent components. Quality control of taxilli herba medicinal materials Given the fact that salicin is an inherent component in willow host plants, and that taxilli herba contains salicin owing to its parasitizing in willows, the method established in the current study could be used to control the medicinal materials quality of the taxilli herba parasitizing in its willow host plants, as well as to distinguish the medicinal materials of the taxilli herba parasitizing in its willow host plants from those of nonwillow trees. Conclusion Salicin characteristic components in willow host trees could be multiplied by their taxilli herba, and host trees could affect the medicinal quality of the taxilli herba parasitizing in them possibly by delivering their characteristic components. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This research was supported by both the National Natural Science Foundation Project (81173537) and the Natural Science Foundation Project of Guangxi (2010GXNSFA013264). REFERENCES Hu KF, Li YH, Du YK, Su BW, Lu D (2011). Analysis of 1- deoxynojirimycin component correlation between medicinal parasitic loranthus from Loranthaceae and their mulberry host trees. J. Med Plants Res., 5(17): 4326-4331. Hui YH, Wang RC (2004). Determination of Salicin content in Salix alba L. extract by RP-HPLC method. Chin. Trad. Herbal Drugs, 35(5): 524-525. Li YH, Ruan JL, Chen SL, Lu D, Zhu KX, Zhao MH, Pei HH (2009). Study on medicinal plants of Loranthaceae resources from China. World Sci Tech: Mod. Trad. Chin. Med., 11(5): 665-669. Li YH, Lu D, Zhao MH, Zhu KX (2006). Research on the developments and applications for medicinal plants of loranthaceae in Guangxi . Guangxi J. Trad. Chin. Med., 28(11): 1695-1698. National Pharmacopoeia Committee (2010). Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China. Chin. Med. Sci. Technol. Press, Beijing, pp. 280-281. Li YH, Bu BW, Zhang XJ, Zhu KX, Pei HH, Zhao MH, Lu D(2011). Correlation of DNJ between Taxilli Herba and its host-plants. China J. Chin. Mater. Med., 36(15): 2102-2106. Teruaki A, Tetsuro Y, Kyoich K, Masao H (2002). Evaluation of salicin as an Antipyretic Prodrug that does not cause Gastric Injury. Planta Med., 68(8): 714-718. Zhao HM, Xu H, Tang W (2005). Determination of Salicin in Extract of Widdow Bark by RP-HPCL Method. Chin. Wild. Plant Res., 24(2): 39- 58.
Journal of Medicinal Plants Research Vol. 6(12), pp. 2478-2487, 30 March, 2012 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/JMPR DOI: 10.5897/JMPR11.1753 ISSN 1996-0875 ©2012 <strong>Academic</strong> <strong>Journals</strong> Full Length Research Paper Antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of essential oils of four Hypericum from Khorasan, Iran Motavalizadehkakhky Alireza Department of Chemistry, Neyshabur Branch, Islamic Azad University, Neyshabur Branch, Neyshabur, Iran. E-mail: Amotavalizadeh@yahoo.com. Tel: +989153510342 or +985516611720. Accepted 24 January, 2012 The essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation from the flowers, leaves, stems and roots or from four species Hypericum include Hypericum perforatum L., Hypericum hyssopifolium Vill., Hypericum helianthemoides (Spach) Boiss. and Hypericum scabrum L. from plants growing wild in Khorasan, Northeast of Iran, were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectral (GC/MS). In the oil of flowers, leaves, stems and roots from H. perforatum, 47, 43, 30 and 34 (0.06 to 0.1%w/w); from H. hyssopifolium 42, 48, 45 and 44 (0.05 to 0.09%w/w); from H. helianthemoides 50, 49, 39 and 46 (0.05 to 0.09%w/w); and from H. Scabrum 58, 43, 41 and 40 (0.04 to 0.1%w/w) components were identified, respectively. In the light conclusion and despite the morphological characters, H. perforatum L., H. hyssopifolium and H. scabrum could be placed in the pinene group, and H. helianthemoides in the ß-caryophyllene group. The in vitro antimicrobial activity of essential oils were also examined against seven microbial strains (gram positive and gram negative) by disc agar diffusion method and in general, the oils showed moderate activity against all tested microorganisms. Key words: Antimicrobial activity, Essential oils composition, Iran, Khorasan, Hypericum SP, βcaryophyllene, α-pinene. INTRODUCTION The genus Hypericum L. (Family Hypericaceae) consists of over 460 species, which occur in all temperate parts of the world (Robson NKB 2003; Hosni K et al. 2008). Seventeen species of them are found in Iran, three of which are endemic: Hypericum fursei N. Robson, Hypericum dogonbadanicum Assad, and Hypericum asperulum Jaub.f Spach (Rechinger, 1980; Mozaffarian, 1996). Among them most commercially important member of this genus, Hypericum perforatum L., St. John’s wort, demonstrated antidepressant, antimicrobial, antiseptic, antihelmintic antiviral, and anticancer activities (Mills et al., 2000; Barnes, 2001; Fnimh, 2001). H. perforatum also demonstrated anti dermatophyte activity (Larypooret al., 2009). This genus contains different natural product classes, including naphthodianthrones, prenylated phloroglucinols, xanthones, flavonoids, biflavonoids, tannins, proanthocyanidins, and phenolic acids (Javidnia et al., 2008). H. perforatum L., Hypericum hyssopifolium Vill., Hypericum helianthemoides (Spach) Boiss. and Hypericum scabrum L. are four Hypericum species from Khorasan provinces, Iran, whose essential oils from flowers, leaves, stems and roots have been subjected to analysis in this study. Many studies of the essential oil content of Hypericum have been performed. Essential oils and volatile constituents that have been most frequently reported from Hypericum include the aliphatic hydrocarbons n-nonane and n-undecane; the monoterpenes α- and β-pinene; and the sesquiterpenes β-caryophyllene and caryophyllene oxide (Crockett, 2010). An examination of H. perforatum plants growing in 10 defined habitat types in Lithuania allowed the identification of three distinct chemotypes, dominated respectively by β-caryophyllene, caryophyllene oxide and germacrene D (Mockute et al., 2003, 2007). A similar study performed in southeastern Poland identified significant differences among both the content and composition of essential oils from plants growing in 16 habitats, although two major constituents (2methyloctane and α-terpineol) were produced by representatives of most populations (Crockett, 2010). An examination of 11 accessions of H. perforatum leaves
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Journal of Medicinal Plants Researc
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Editors Prof. Akah Peter Achunike E
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Electronic submission of manuscript
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Fees and Charges: Authors are requi
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Table of Contents: Volume 6 Number
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Figure 1. Chuanxiong Rhizoma (http:
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Table 1. Identification of main pea
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Table 3. Pharmacokinetic parameters
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active component study, many invest
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and 1185 kg ha -1 in the first site
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Table 1. Recommendation for use fer
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Sadanandan AK, Hamza S (1996c). Stu
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and it has been traced to South Ame
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Table 3. Results of phytochemical a
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(a) (b) (c) Figure 1. (a) Normal ce
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emedies in the south of Brazil. J.
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known fatty acids and terpenoids we
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Table 1. Renal function tests of ra
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Al-Radahe et al. 2271 Figure 3.nnnn
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namely disruption of the vascular e
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Zayachkivska OS, Konturek SJ, Drozd
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β-carotene were purchased from Sig
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Figure 1. Effect of ethanol concent
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Table 3. Climatic and soil factors
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content of polysaccharides. Phospha
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Serge et al. 2285 Table 1. Relative
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Percentage inhibition % of inhibiti
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Table 1. Result of phytochemical sc
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Table 3. Result of thin layer chrom
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Table 2. MIC of a compound 1 from c
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Figure 5. T. catappa Linn. (Combret
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Figure 12. Sensitivity of A. fumiga
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Table 1. Biochemical parameters in
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Figure 3. Bcl-xL reactions in inter
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors would l
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Figure 1. The first page of the boo
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Figure 3. The most widely included
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Table 1. Contd. Nedelcheva 2333 Cin
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14 7 1 15 1 35 17 16 Imported plant
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Academy of Science Publishing House
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et al., 1996; van Wyk and Gericke,
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DPPH inhibition (%) DPPH % inhibiti
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% Mortality Concentration (µg/ml)
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information on plants used for the
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Table 1. Levels of independent vari
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Arbutin (mg/g) Co-solvent Figure 1.
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Arbutin (mg/g) Extraction pressure
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Arbutin (mg/g) Extraction pressure
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Darjazi 2369 Table 2. Statistical a
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Table 2. Plant data and MIC values
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exhibiting the polar extracts of P.
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Figure 1. Map of Ladakh region of I
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Table 5. Inter-Population genetic i
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Excoffier L, Smouse PE, Quattro JM
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ice residue is an ideal raw materia
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DPPH• scavenging ratio(%) OD valu
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scavenging effect on free radical a
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our new CL system. Fenton reaction
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1 2 Time (s) Figure 2. Kinetic curv
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Wong et al., 2006). It can be seen
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Pan YM, Liang Y, Wang HS, Liang M (
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