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2380 J. Med. Plants Res. spectrophotometer. Conclusions In the present study, alcohol was used to extract flavonoids from mulberry leaves. Total flavonoids content was then determined using spectrophotometry. Based on single-factor and orthogonal tests, the best conditions for extraction at 80°C were 80% alcohol, 1:30 solid-liquid ratio, 5 numbers of extraction, and 180 min extraction period. The extraction rate measured by HPLC was lower than that measured by the UV spectrophotometer. This phenomenon is attributed to the fact that mulberry has other classes of flavonoids. The results showed that most of the flavonoids in the present experimental sample were rutin. In conclusion, the method used in the present study was easy to use, convenient, and highly accurate. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank Yin Gong and Huang Li for correcting the English and Xu Wu for providing mulberry leaf. This work is financially supported by the International Cooperation Project on Traditional Chinese Medicines of Ministry of Science and Technology of China (no. 2007DFA40680), the Technological Item of Hunan Province(2011NK3062), the Youth Grant of Hunan Agriculture University (10QN20). The innovation for research projects of graduate in Hunan Province (no. CX2011B294). REFERENCES Akiko H, Toshinori M, Kazuyuki I (2007). Mulberry leaf powder prevents atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E2deficient mice. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 358(5): 751-756. Cai J, Hua JQ, Wang W (2003). Progress in Research of the Extracting Technology of Bioflavonoids, J. Huaiyin I. Technol., 12(5): 82-85. Chen LS, Chen ZB (2008). Extracting and determinantion on flavone from mulberry leaf, China New Technol. Prod., 7(2): 9. Chen YH, Jiang HP (2008). Optimization of extraction technology of total flavonoids from mulberry Leaves by orthogonal design, Food Drug, 10(3): 17-19. Gao ZS, P MZ, Gao L (2005). Separation and purification technology on mulberry leaf. Anhui Agric. Sci. Bull., 11(6): 48-51. Jia ZS, Tang MC, Zhu XR (1996). Study on effect of scavenging superoxide free radical on mulberry flavonoids. J. Zhejiang Agric. Univ., 22(5): 519-523. Li L (2003). Study on the extracting method of mulberry flavonoids, Q. Forest By-Pro. Spec. China. 1(2): 30-31. Liu YY, Jia JL, Chi XJ, Rao LQ, Kuang WQ (2008). Study on flavonoid from mulberry. Jiangsu Sericult., 3(4): 5-6. Liu SX, Jia YY (1997). Comparison of the flavone in mulberry branch at different growth time. Lishizhen Med. Mater. Med. Res., 8(1): 20-21. Sun MY, Tang WZ, Lu X (2004). Determination on total flavone in mulberry leaf with spectrophotometry, Chinese Tradition. Herbal Drugs, 35(6): 1190-1191. Wu ZP, Tan JZ (2006). Determination on total flavonoids content in Ramulus mori of different varieties by spectrophotometry, Sericult. Sci., 32(4): 138-141.
Journal of Medicinal Plants Research Vol. 6(12), pp. 2381-2387, 30 March, 2012 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/JMPR ISSN 1996-0875 ©2012 <strong>Academic</strong> <strong>Journals</strong> Full Length Research Paper Evaluation of the antimicrobial activity in species of a Portuguese “Montado” ecosystem against multidrug resistant pathogens B. Lai 1 , G. Teixeira 2 , I. Moreira 1 , A. I. Correia 3 , A. Duarte 1 and A. M. Madureira 1 * 1 Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia de Lisboa, iMed-UL, Avenida Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal. 2 Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia de Lisboa, Centro de Biologia Ambiental, Avenida Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal. 3 Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências de Lisboa, Centro de Biologia Ambiental, C2, Campo Grande, 1749- 016 Lisboa, Portugal. Accepted 12 October, 2011 Forty polar and non polar extracts from six “Montado” species (Adenocarpus anisochilus., Erica lusitanica, Lavandula stoechas subsp. luisieri, Paeonia broteroi, Quercus faginea subsp. broteroi and Rosmarinus officinalis) were evaluated for their antimicrobial activity against a broad panel of microorganisms that include standard and resistant strains of Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria, Mycobacterium smegmatis and the yeast Candida albicans. From the forty tested extracts, 87% inhibited the development of Gram-positive bacteria. Interesting results were obtained with the most polar extracts of P. broteroi (leaves) displaying the best MIC (3.1 to 1.9 µg/ml) when tested against Staphylococcus aureus standard, Vancomycin-Resistant S. aureus VRSA and meticillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains. The extracts of E. lusitanica and P. broteroi displayed the broadest antimicrobial activity spectra with the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values seeming very promising and are worthy for further phytochemical studies. Key words: “Montado” flora, antibacterial activity, MIC determination, phytochemical screening. INTRODUCTION Infectious diseases and global antibiotic resistant pathogens are an increasing public health problem. The lack of development of new antimicrobial agents in the last decades, associated with their misuse, led to the emergence of multiresistant microorganisms. These multiresistant strains are a threat to disease management and greatly increased the treatment costs. This may result in a dark scenario where common infections become untreatable and even lethal (Norrby et al., 2005). Examples include meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) which is a major cause of serious hospital-acquired infections (Appelbaum, 2006). This justifies the search for new antimicrobial drugs. *Correspondence author. E-mail: afernand@ff.ul.pt. Tel: (+ 351)217946400. Fax: (+ 351)217946470. Plants used for traditional medicine are known to be effective in a wide range of diseases. The role of the natural products is particularly relevant in the infectious diseases area, where over 60% of the antimicrobial agents used in therapy are from natural origin (Newman and Cragg, 2007; Newman et al., 2003). With only 5 to 15% of the approximately 250 000 species of higher plants systematically investigated, natural products remain an important source of new molecules and scaffolds which can lead to the development of new effective drugs against multiresistant microorganisms (Newman and Cragg, 2007). The Mediterranean region is rich in medicinal and aromatic plants. Southwestern Iberia is mainly covered by cork-oak woodland, common speaking as “Montado”. This is a unique Mediterranean ecosystem, whose importance is related to its huge biodiversity, allied to a traditional and sustainable management of the ecosystem.
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active component study, many invest
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and 1185 kg ha -1 in the first site
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Table 1. Recommendation for use fer
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Sadanandan AK, Hamza S (1996c). Stu
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and it has been traced to South Ame
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Table 3. Results of phytochemical a
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(a) (b) (c) Figure 1. (a) Normal ce
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emedies in the south of Brazil. J.
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known fatty acids and terpenoids we
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Table 1. Renal function tests of ra
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Al-Radahe et al. 2271 Figure 3.nnnn
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namely disruption of the vascular e
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Zayachkivska OS, Konturek SJ, Drozd
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β-carotene were purchased from Sig
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Figure 1. Effect of ethanol concent
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Table 3. Climatic and soil factors
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content of polysaccharides. Phospha
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Serge et al. 2285 Table 1. Relative
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Percentage inhibition % of inhibiti
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Figure 12. Sensitivity of A. fumiga
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors would l
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Figure 3. The most widely included
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UPCOMING CONFERENCES 15th European
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