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2252 J. Med. Plants Res. of six levels of N on yield of ginger with (0, 25, 50, 75, 100 and 125 kg ha -1 ). The effect of nitrogen was significant and the highest yield (8595 kg ha -1 ) was obtained from the treatment receiving 50 kg N per ha and the treatment with zero N recorded the lowest yield (2995 kg ha -1 ). Lalitha and Gopala (2004) reported significantly higher seed yield of groundnut at 80 kg N ha -1 (2532 kg ha -1 ) over all other N levels, but was significantly lower at 120 kg N ha -1 (2383 kg ha -1 ). Buwalda (1986) studied the effect of nitrogen level between 0 and 240 kgh on yield in late California cultivar Garlic. He reported that the rate of 120 kgh of N had the best relationship between yield and quality. To obtain high yield, it is necessary that continuous nitrogen assimilation be maintained until the maturation stage. According to Sarma (1985), significantly higher seed yield of castor was recorded at 80 kg N ha -1 with 90 kg nitrogen as basal dose and 40 kg as top dressing (1426 kg ha -1 ) which was superior over all other N levels including control. Oil content Katarzyna and Jarosz (2006) reported significantly higher essential oil of Satureja hortensis L. at 0,8 g dm -3 N which was superior over all other N levels. Hocking et al. (1997) assessed the influence of nitrogen on oil content of canola in a two year field experiment and reported that nitrogen application up to 75 kg ha -1 increased the oil content in both years with the maximum increment of 1%. Application of 120 kg N ha -1 recorded significantly higher oil content of mustard (39.8 and 39.0% during 1998 and 1999, respectively) which was superior over all other N levels (Anilkumar et al., 2001). Shishu and Vinay (2005) recorded significantly higher oil content of mustard at 80 kg N ha -1 (37.61%) which was superior over all other N levels including control. POTASSIUM (K) Potassium is a soil exchangeable cation and is actively absorbed by plant roots. It is a major component of many soils and is ultimately derived from the weathering of soil parent materials such as potassium-aluminum-silicates in the soil. Potassium though a part of the cation exchange complex, is only weakly held to the soil particles and is highly leachable. Due to plants and other organisms holding potassium as free ions in their cells, once an organism dies, its potassium quickly reenters the soil solution. If other organisms do not quickly take up potassium, it is easily lost from the soil due to leaching and runoff. A loss of potassium is a common result of forest fires, clear-cut harvest methods, and other major disturbances that cause runoff and erosion (Wiedenhoeft, 2006). Role of potassium in plant growth Potassium is the primary osmolyte and ion involved in plant cell membrane dynamics, including the regulation of stomata and the maintenance of turgor and osmotic equilibrium. It also plays important roles in the activation and regulation of enzyme activity (Wiedenhoeft, 2006). Role of potassium in medicinal plants Plant height Borromand et al. (2011a) studied the effect of varied levels of potassium on leaf length of Aloe Vera and reported significant increase in the leaf length with an increase in the level of potassium application from 0 to 150 kg K ha -1 . Balashanmugam and Subramanian (1991) recorded maximum plant height (152.80 cm), number of leaves (15.80), and number of suckers per clump (11.32) in turmeric with the application of potassium at 90 kg per ha -1 . Yield Muralidharan (1973) and Muralidharan et al. (1976) reported a slight increase in the yield of fresh ginger rhizome when potassium was raised from 100 to 150 kg per ha -1 . Further increase in K2O levels showed a decline in the yield. However, the differences were not significant. A field experiment conducted with two levels of potassium at 25 and 50 kg K2O per ha -1 revealed that the plant characters studied did not show any significant differences due to the application of K2O to Danti crop (Saraf et al., 2002). Ashokan et al. (1984) reported that application of 60 kg K2O per ha -1 produced maximum marketable tuber yield of sweet potato (13.8 t ha -1 ), dry matter content in vine (11.9 %) and tuber (30.7 %) as compared to 30 kg K2O per ha -1 . Some medicinal plant responses to potassium Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum) Vasantha and Mohanakumaran (1989) reported that for cardamom, potassium content of leaves and pseudo stem was maximum at the flower bud growth and peak flowering stages respectively, and thereafter K concentration of rhizome, roots and panicles showed peak values at capsule maturity stage. Sadanandan et al. (1993) reported that 150 kg K2O ha –1 year is optimum, whereas Korikanthimath (1994) reported that 240 kg K2O ha –1 year is needed under high-density trench system of planting. Cardamom being a perennial crop and steady bsorption and utilization of K take place throughout its life cycle and it is a heavy feeder of K (Kulkarni et al., 1971).
Table 1. Recommendation for use fertilizer in medicinal plants on soil analysis. Boroomand and Grouh 2253 Level of available (NPK) in soil Quantity Probability response to NPK fertilizer < 0.2 (% O.C*0.5 (%O.C>2) Low Pav (mgkg -1 ) Kav (mgkg -1 ) *O.C= Organic Carbon, AV= Available. Ginger (Zingiber officinale) It was reported that, for optimum productivity, NPK 75, 50, 50 kg together with 25 tonnes green leaf and 20 tonnes farmyard manure (FYM) is required (Sadanandan et al., 1988). Sadanandan and Rohini (1986) reported that application of two tonns neem cake together with 75, 50, 50 kg NPK has increased ginger yield by 32.8% and restricted rhizome rot disease incidence to 4.7% compared to 14.5% in FYM treated plots. Pepper (Piper nigrum L) Integrated nutrient and disease management studies in a mixed cropping system with black pepper conducted in the farmer’s fields for four years showed that application of FYM, Neem cake and bone meal 5, 1 and half kg vine year together with NPK fertilizer at a subdued level of 100, 40, 140 g vine year increased soil available K status by 45%, leaf K status by 13% and pepper yield by 172% (Sadanandan et al., 1993b). For pepper, Pillai et al. (1987) reported that 200 g K2O vine as optimum whereas Sadanandan (2000) reported up to 270 g K2O vine as optimum dose by studying response function. Waard and De (1969) reported critical level of K up to 2% in pepper leaf. For bush pepper growing in pots, application of NPK 1, 0.5, 2g pot (10 kg soil) was optimum. Further K2SO4 was a better source than KNO3, KCl and wood ash for bush pepper (Sadanandan and Hamza, unpublished). Leaf nutrient norms for black pepper using diagnostic recommendation integration system (DRIS) Sadanandan et al. (1996) reported that in pepper leaves potassium concentration of 0.33% is deficient, 0.33 to 17% as low, 1.18 to 2.84% as optimum, 2.85 to 3.68% as high and more than 3.68% as excessive level. 15 Low 200 Low Turmeric (Curcuma longa) Rethinavel (1983) reported significant increase in plant height, tiller production number of leaves, number of mother, primary and secondary rhizomes and ultimately yield of turmeric due to potassium application. Sadanandan and Hamza (1996b, 1998) reported that NPK 60, 50, 120 kg ha –1 with micronutrients were optimum for varieties Suvarna, Suguna and Alleppey, whereas NPK 50, 40, 100 kg ha –1 with micronutrients was optimum for Sudarshana. Seed spices: Coriander (Coriandrum sativam), Cumin (Cuminum cyminum), Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) and Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum). Fertilizer response studies for seed spices were conducted by several workers. Fageria et al. (1972) reported good response to K2O up to 80 kg ha –1 for cumin. Pillai and Boominathan (1975) reported response of coriander to potassium up to 20 kg ha –1 . Afridi et al. (1983) reported response of potash to fennel up to 90 kg ha –1 . Studies conducted by “all India coordinated work project on Spices” at their centers in major seed spices growing belts of Rajasthan and Gujarat showed that for coriander 20 kg K ha –1 was optimum (Rethinam and Sadanandan, 1994). The requirement of K for cumin is 30 to 45 kg depending upon K status of the soil. For a crop of fenugreek 50 kg K2O ha –1 was adequate (Sadanandan and Hamza, 1998). Our general recommendations for the use of fertilizer N, P and K on the medicinal plants are found in Table1. CONCLUSION Depending on crop, the response to N, P and K
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Page 3 and 4: Editors Prof. Akah Peter Achunike E
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Figure 5. T. catappa Linn. (Combret
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Figure 8. A. fumigatus: Aspect of c
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Figure 12. Sensitivity of A. fumiga
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Journal of Medicinal Plants Researc
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Noormi et al. 2311 Table 1. Callus
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Table 2. Contd. NoC=No callus. 4.0
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Figure 2. Contd. at 2.0 mg/L yellow
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Table 1. Biochemical parameters in
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Figure 3. Bcl-xL reactions in inter
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors would l
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Figure 1. The first page of the boo
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Figure 3. The most widely included
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Figure 4. Lithographic print “St.
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Table 1. List of plants included in
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Table 1. Contd. Nedelcheva 2333 Cin
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Table 1. Contd. Nedelcheva 2335 Rhe
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14 7 1 15 1 35 17 16 Imported plant
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Academy of Science Publishing House
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et al., 1996; van Wyk and Gericke,
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DPPH inhibition (%) DPPH % inhibiti
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% Mortality Concentration (µg/ml)
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information on plants used for the
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Table 1. Levels of independent vari
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Arbutin (mg/g) Co-solvent Figure 1.
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Arbutin (mg/g) Extraction pressure
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Table 3. Arbuitn content of Asian p
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Arbutin (mg/g) Extraction pressure
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Arbutin (mg/g) Extraction temperatu
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Table 1. Chemical composition of es
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Darjazi 2369 Table 2. Statistical a
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Table 3. Correlation matrix (number
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Table 1. Precision test. extraction
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Figure 2. Effect of different alcoh
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Table 6. Results of ANOVA. Nie et a
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Table 2. Plant data and MIC values
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exhibiting the polar extracts of P.
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Table 3. Contd. AcOEt ++ ++ ++ - Me
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Figure 1. Map of Ladakh region of I
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Warghat et al. 2391 Table 3. Summar
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Table 5. Inter-Population genetic i
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Excoffier L, Smouse PE, Quattro JM
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ice residue is an ideal raw materia
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DPPH• scavenging ratio(%) OD valu
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scavenging effect on free radical a
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our new CL system. Fenton reaction
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1 2 Time (s) Figure 2. Kinetic curv
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Wong et al., 2006). It can be seen
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Pan YM, Liang Y, Wang HS, Liang M (
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2422 J. Med. Plants Res. close cano
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2442 J. Med. Plants Res. Stability
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2460 J. Med. Plants Res. Department
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2466 J. Med. Plants Res. AOAC (2000
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2524 J. Med. Plants Res. ACKNOWLEDG
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UPCOMING CONFERENCES 15th European
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