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tract cells. As IELs are located at this critical interface, they must balance protective immunity with an ability to safeguard the integrity of the epithelial barrier (Cheroutre et al., 2011). So, it is of great interest to detect the genes expression of IELs by APS. The use of microarrays to evaluate the transcriptome has transformed our view of biology. As with genomic analysis, microarrays are still the best choice for a standardized genome-wide assay that is amenable to high-throughput applications (Git et al., 2010). Effective use of gene expression profiling for biological research has been done to better understand the nature of intestinal development in response to a treatment (Fleet, 2007). Immunosuppressant cyclophosphamide is used to induce the immune-suppressed model (Fang et al., 2006). It is considered an ideal model for investigating many aspects of immunological response. Therefore, by employing immune-suppressed mice, the purpose of the present study was to examine global alterations in gene expression of the IELs in response to APS. MATERIALS AND METHODS Experimental animals Twelve healthy male BALB/C mice, 6-8 weeks old, provided by the China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences were housed under constant environmental conditions at 22°C and with a 12 h darklight cycle. The mice were fed a commercially obtained diet and allowed ad libitum access to water. Mice were randomly allocated to four groups: control, cyclophosphamide-induced immunesuppressed group (Model), APS-treated at a high dose (APS HD), and APS-treated at a low dose (APS LD). The approval of the Institutional Animal Ethics Committee was obtained before animal experiments were carried out. Induction of immune suppression Immune suppression in the mice was induced with cyclophosphamide (CTX) treatment followed a previously described protocol (Abruzzo et al., 2000; Sun et al., 2002). The mice in the Model, APS HD, and APS LD groups were injected intraperitoneally with 80 mg/kg cyclophosphamide (Heng Rui Medicine Co., Ltd, China) once each day for three days. The mice in the control group were injected with the same volume of saline. Administration of APS APS, a marked drug and proved by the State Food and Drug Administration, China (SFDA No. Z20040086), purchased from Tianjin Cinorch Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. China, were dissolved with distilled water at a concentration of 250 mg/ml. On the fourth day after induction, all treated mice were given different dosages of orally administered APS once a day in the morning and lasting for 3 days according to their experimental groups: 3 g/kg APS in the APS HD group and 1.5 g/kg APS in the APS LD group. The mice in the control and model groups were administered an equivalent volume of saline. Isolation of IELs One day after the last dose of APS, blood was taken through the Cheng et al. 2505 retro-orbital artery from the mice, and then the mice were sacrificed. The IELs isolation was performed as previously published (Zhao et al., 2010). In brief, the intestines from the duodenum to the ileocecal junction were removed and flushed with Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ free HBSS (CMF). Peyer’s patches and the mesentery were removed, and the intestines were opened longitudinally and cut into pieces about 10 cm long. The pieces were digested twice for 30 min in CMF containing 10 mM HEPES, 25 mM NaHCO3, 2% FBS, 1 mM EDTA, and 1 mM DTT at 37°C. The eluted cells were collected and passed through a 74 μm nylon mesh to remove undigested tissue pieces. The IELs were subsequently separated from epithelial cells by two centrifugations through a 40/70% Percoll (Pharmacia) gradient at 600 × g for 20 min. The IELs were harvested from the interface between the 40 and 70% Percoll layers. cRNA labeling Total RNA was isolated from the IELs using the Trizol extraction method (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Canada) as described by the manufacturer. mRNAs were amplified linearly using the MessageAmp aRNA Kit (Ambion, Inc., Austin, USA) in accordance with the instructions of the manufacturer. cRNA was purified with the RNeasy® Mini Kit (QIAGEN, Hilden, Germany) based on a standard procedure. Microarray assay One color format, whole genome mouse Microarray Kit, 4 x 44K (Agilent Technologies) was used in this study. Microarray hybridizations were carried out on labeled cRNAs. Arrays were incubated at 65°C for 17 h in Agilent's microarray hybridization chambers and subsequently washed according to the Agilent protocol. Arrays were scanned at a 5-μm resolution using GenePix Personal 4100A (Molecular Devices Corporation, Sunnyvale, CA). Statistics and function analysis All data were analyzed using the SAS9.1.3 statistical package (order no. 195557). Differential gene expression was assessed by ANOVA with the p value adjusted using step-up multiple test correction to control the false discovery rate (FDR). Adjusted p values
2506 J. Med. Plants Res. Figure 1. Body weight changes in the mice. From the second day after CTX injection, the mice in model group, the mice in the APS HD and APS LD groups showed pathological weight loss. However, it was noted there was a tendency of weight increase in the APS groups after day 4. The mice in the APS HD and APS LD groups grew faster after administration of APS compared with the model group, although no significant difference was observed in body weight. Table 1. The significantly expressed genes in each comparison. Experimental group Number of gene with significant p values Control versus model 204 APS HD versus model 22 APS LD versus model 17 obvious symptoms. However, it was noted that there was a tendency of weight gain in APS-treated groups beginning on the day 4. Administration of APS could slow down the tendency of body weights decrease. The mice in the APS HD group and APS LD group grew faster after the administration of APS compared with the model group, although no significant differences in body weight were observed (Figure 1). Differences in gene expression between groups The number of genes that were significantly overexpressed or under-expressed is shown in Table 1. Comparisons of gene expression between the control group and model group showed 204 genes to be significantly regulated by CTX. A comparison of APS HD group and model group showed that 22 genes were differentially expressed to a significant. Similarly, 17 genes were observed in APS LD group compared with model group (Table 1). 204 differentially expressed genes between model group and control group clearly separated the model group from the control group. Among these genes, 95 genes were expressed at a significantly higher level in the model group. Using DAVID, 95 up-regulated genes in the model group were found to be involved in functions such as cellular process, binding, and cell projection, whereas 109 down-regulated genes in the model group participated in cellular metabolic processes, catalytic activity, and cell part. The GO terms with up-regulated among 95 genes are indicated in Table 2. The largest group with respect to number of genes (n=55) was the binding in molecular function. The other group with a large number of genes (n=47) was the cellular process in biological process. Among the 109 down-regulated genes, the GO terms are indicated in Table 3. There were a number of specific GO terms that revolved around the cellular constituent theme of cell and cell part (88 genes). A second prominent group was the cellular process in biological
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Journal of Medicinal Plants Researc
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Editors Prof. Akah Peter Achunike E
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Electronic submission of manuscript
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Fees and Charges: Authors are requi
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Table of Contents: Volume 6 Number
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Figure 1. Chuanxiong Rhizoma (http:
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Table 1. Identification of main pea
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Table 3. Pharmacokinetic parameters
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active component study, many invest
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and 1185 kg ha -1 in the first site
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Table 1. Recommendation for use fer
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Sadanandan AK, Hamza S (1996c). Stu
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and it has been traced to South Ame
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Table 3. Results of phytochemical a
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(a) (b) (c) Figure 1. (a) Normal ce
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emedies in the south of Brazil. J.
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known fatty acids and terpenoids we
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Table 1. Renal function tests of ra
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Al-Radahe et al. 2271 Figure 3.nnnn
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namely disruption of the vascular e
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Zayachkivska OS, Konturek SJ, Drozd
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β-carotene were purchased from Sig
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Figure 1. Effect of ethanol concent
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Table 3. Climatic and soil factors
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content of polysaccharides. Phospha
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Serge et al. 2285 Table 1. Relative
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Percentage inhibition % of inhibiti
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Table 1. Result of phytochemical sc
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Table 3. Result of thin layer chrom
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Table 2. MIC of a compound 1 from c
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Zirihi et al. 2301 Figure 2. Termin
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Figure 5. T. catappa Linn. (Combret
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Figure 8. A. fumigatus: Aspect of c
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Figure 12. Sensitivity of A. fumiga
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Noormi et al. 2311 Table 1. Callus
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Table 2. Contd. NoC=No callus. 4.0
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Figure 2. Contd. at 2.0 mg/L yellow
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Table 1. Biochemical parameters in
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Figure 3. Bcl-xL reactions in inter
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors would l
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Figure 1. The first page of the boo
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Figure 3. The most widely included
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Figure 4. Lithographic print “St.
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Table 1. List of plants included in
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Table 1. Contd. Nedelcheva 2333 Cin
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Table 1. Contd. Nedelcheva 2335 Rhe
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14 7 1 15 1 35 17 16 Imported plant
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Academy of Science Publishing House
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et al., 1996; van Wyk and Gericke,
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DPPH inhibition (%) DPPH % inhibiti
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% Mortality Concentration (µg/ml)
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information on plants used for the
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Table 1. Levels of independent vari
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Arbutin (mg/g) Co-solvent Figure 1.
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Arbutin (mg/g) Extraction pressure
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Table 3. Arbuitn content of Asian p
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Arbutin (mg/g) Extraction pressure
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Arbutin (mg/g) Extraction temperatu
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Table 1. Chemical composition of es
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Darjazi 2369 Table 2. Statistical a
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Table 3. Correlation matrix (number
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Table 1. Precision test. extraction
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Figure 2. Effect of different alcoh
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Table 6. Results of ANOVA. Nie et a
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Table 2. Plant data and MIC values
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exhibiting the polar extracts of P.
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Table 3. Contd. AcOEt ++ ++ ++ - Me
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Figure 1. Map of Ladakh region of I
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Warghat et al. 2391 Table 3. Summar
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Table 5. Inter-Population genetic i
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Excoffier L, Smouse PE, Quattro JM
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ice residue is an ideal raw materia
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DPPH• scavenging ratio(%) OD valu
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scavenging effect on free radical a
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our new CL system. Fenton reaction
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1 2 Time (s) Figure 2. Kinetic curv
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Wong et al., 2006). It can be seen
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Pan YM, Liang Y, Wang HS, Liang M (
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2422 J. Med. Plants Res. close cano
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2424 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 1. M
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2436 J. Med. Plants Res. budget dur
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2442 J. Med. Plants Res. Stability
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2444 J. Med. Plants Res. production
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2450 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 2. A
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2452 J. Med. Plants Res. Ghasemi Pi
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