Download Complete Issue - Academic Journals

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Dong et al. 2282 Table 5. Correlation of main active components and fruit weights with eigenvectors of principal factors by rotation and multiple regression. Characters P a Extracted principle factors and equations b Polyphenols (%) 0.024 Y = +0.714 (X1) 2 , r = 0.964 Carrotenoids (%) 0.000 Y = +1.641 (X2) 3 , r = 0.826 Weight/100 fruits (g) 0.000 Y = -1.791(X2) 3 , r = 0.953 Pulp/100 fruits (g) 0.000 Y = -1.848 (X2) 3 , r = -0.963 Polysaccharides (%)* Y = -0.819 (X3) 3 , r =- 0.750 a : P value of the model by tests of KMO and Barteltt; b : X1 = SOM factor (%); X2 = accumulated temperature, frost-free days each year and altitude; X3 = available phosphorus; *: analyzed by linear regression independently. period (r = -0.8309, -0.7905, -0.8545, -0.7983, respectively), at the relatively high altitude, strong sunshine and high temperature variety between day and night are good for photosynthesis and accumulation of dried matters; polysaccharides was not significantly affected by other environmental factors but negatively correlated with soil available phosphorus (r = 0.75). Based on rotation and multiple regression analysis (Table 5), SOM was the principle factor for polyphenols contents (r = 0.964), effective cumulative temperature, frost-free period and altitude were the principle factors significantly affecting carotenoids contents, fruit weight and pulp weight (r = 0.826, 0.953 and 0.963, respectively). Altitude mainly leads to temperature-sunshine changes; so, effective cumulative temperature, frost-free period and altitude can be summed up as temperature-sunshine factor, namely, temperature-sunshine is the principle factor for carotenoids contents, fruit weight and pulp weight. DISCUSSION Genuineness of L. barbarum fruits and medicinal values In ancient traditional Chinese medicine system, Zhongning had been authenticated as the genuine producing area where the L. barbarum fruits were of the highest medicinal quality. In pharmacopoeia of China (2005), polysaccharides were authenticated as the main active components of L. barbarum fruits. In this study, L. barbarum fruits from Zhongning showed the highest content of polyphenols (2.9749%) and the highest antioxidant activity (56.82%) with high correlation (r = 0.968), which indicated that content of polyphenols in L. barbarum fruits can accurately reflect the anti-oxidant ability and confirmed that Zhongning is the genuine producing area for polyphenols. It was reported that more than 100 human diseases are correlated with oxidation caused by free radicals in the body (Gutteridge, 1993). L. barbarum fruits from Zhongning presented the highest content of polyphenols and the highest antioxidant activity; it may be the main reason for the genuineness of L. barbarum of Zhongning. L. barbarum fruits produced in different areas had different essential active components. Among the 8 producing areas, Zhongning proved to be the genuine area for polyphenols production, while polysaccharides genuine producing area was Jinghe, carotenoids genuine producing area was Julu, the highest fruit weight was from Numhon. Fruits from Zhongning contained the highest content of polyphenols, but the lowest content of polysaccharides in the 8 areas. So, polyphenols may be the really main active component rather than polysaccharides as for L. barbarum fruits from Zhongning. Since L. barbarum fruits of different areas showed different contents of the main active components, their main medicinal use should be consequently different. Take for example, vitamin A deficiency was a worldwide serious health problem, especially in Africa, South America, Central America, and Southeast Asia (Sommer et al., 1995). L. barbarum fruits of Julu should be the best choice for vitamin A supplementation because L. barbarum fruits of Julu have the significantly highest content of β-carotene which was the precursor in vitamin A synthesis in human body. While L. barbarum fruits of Jinghe should be the best choice for polysaccharides supplementation and extraction (Dong et al., 2008). Principle factors affecting the genuineness of L. barbarum fruits The optimal environmental factors for each active component are not the same, meaning that each active component has its own genuine producing area. Relatively low SOM is good for polyphenols accumulation; relatively high temperature and low ultraviolet in the sunshine are proper for carotenoids synthesis and accumulation, while low temperature is good for dried matter accumulation hence leading to higher pulp weight. The climatic factors, SOM and dissoluble salinity are not related with polysaccharides. Only soil available phosphorus significantly affected the
content of polysaccharides. Phosphate is mainly stored in membrane system in plants; deficiency of phosphate may lead to the membrane phosphate transferred to growth center, which resulted in degradation of phospholipids, while galactose acts as substitute for phospholipids to maintain the normal structure and functions of membrane (Kochlan et al., 2004). Sun et al. (1997) reported that 69% of polysaccharides composition in L. barbarum fruits was galactose, which confirmed the mechanism that deficiency of phosphorus leads to polysaccharides accumulation. Conclusion Extraction with UAE proved to be the proper sample preparation for L. barbarum fruits. β-carotene is the main component in carotenoids of L. barbarum fruits, which can be a good source for VAD functional food. Absolute ethanol is the best solvent for carotenoids extraction concerning safety and efficiency. A direct UV determination of carotenoids from absolute ethanol extracts of L. barbarum fruits is convenient and accurate. Contents of the main active components of L. barbarum fruits from the 8 areas were significantly different. So, medicinal values of L. barbarum fruits from different producing areas might not be the same. Polyphenols of L. barbarum fruits from Zhongning were the main active components rather than polysaccharides. L. barbarum fruits of Julu should be the best selection for carotenoids supplementation because of highest βcarotene content, while L. barbarum fruits from Jinghe containing the highest content of polysaccharides should be the best source for polysaccharides supplementation or extraction. Environmental factors have significant effects on genuineness and the main active components of L. barbarum fruits. The principle factors of polysaccharides, carotenoids and polyphenols are soil available phosphorus, temperature-sunshine and SOM, respectively. These principle factors provide a basis for scientific division of producing areas and quality control for L. barbarum. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This research was partially funded by CAS/SAFEA International Partnership Program for Creative Research Teams Project and Doctor Research Project (498012) of Hubei University for Nationalities, and Major Project of Wuhan Municipal Bureau of Agriculture (200720322099). We are grateful to anonymous reviewers and scientific editor for their critical review and valuable suggestions. REFERENCES Cabredo-Pinillos S, Cedrón-Fernández T, González-Briongos L, Puente- Pascual M, Sáenz-Barrio C (2006). Ultrasound-assisted extraction of Dong et al. 2283 volatile compounds from wine samples: Optimisation of the method. Talanta, 69(5): 1123-1129. Chao JC, Chiang SW, Wang CC, Tsai YH, Wu MS (2006). Hot waterextracted Lycium barbarum and Rehmannia glutinosa inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis of hepatocellular carcinoma cells. World J. Gastroenterol., 12(28): 4478-4484. Chon SU, Heo BG, Park YS, Kim DK, Gorinstein S (2009). Total Phenolics Level, Antioxidant Activities and Cytotoxicity of Young Sprouts of Some Traditional Korean Salad. Plant Foods Hum Nutr., 64(1): 25-31. Dong JZ, Lu DY, Wang Y (2010). Simultaneous extraction and analysis of four polyphenols from leaves of Lycium barbarum L. J. Food Biochem., 36(3): 914-931. Dong JZ, Wang Y (2009) Quantitation and identification of the flavonoids present in fruits of Lycium barbarum L. Food Res. Dev., 30(1): 36-40 (in Chinese). Dong JZ, Yang JJ, Wang Y (2008). Resources of Lycium species and related research progress. China J. Chin. Mater. Med., 33(18): 2020- 2027 (in Chinese). Fraser PD, Bramley PM (2004). The biosynthesis and nutritional uses of carotenoids. Prog. Lipid Res., 43:228–265. Gutteridge JM (1993). Free radicals in disease processes: a compilation of cause and consequence. Free Radic. Res. Commun., 19: 141-158. Hemwimol S, Pavasant P, Shotipruk A (2006). Ultrasound-assisted extraction of anthraquinones from roots of Morinda citrifolia. Ultrason Sonochem., 13(6): 543-548. Hsu HY, Yang JJ, Ho YH, Lin CC (1999). Difference in the effects of radioprotection between aerial and root parts of Lycium chinense. J Ethnopharmacol., 64(2): 101-108. Jalbani N, Kazi TG, Arain, BM, Jamali MK, Afridi HI, Sarfraz RA (2006). Application of factorial design in optimization of ultrasonic-assisted extraction of aluminum in juices and soft drinks. Talanta, 70(2): 307- 314. Kochlan LV, Hoekenga OA, Hneros MA (2004). How do crop plants tolerate acid soils? Mechanisms of aluminum tolerance and phosphorus efficiency. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol., 55: 459-493. Lu JJ, Mi RT (2008). Effect of the Lycium barbarum polysaccharides administration on blood lipid metabolism and oxidative stress of mice fed high-fat diet In Vivo. Food Chem., 113(4): 872-877. Lin FY, Lai YK, Yu HC, Chen NY, Chang CY, Lo HC, Hsu TH (2008). Effects of Lycium barbarum extract on production and immunomodulatory activity of the extracellular polysaccharopeptides from submerged fermentation culture of Coriolus versicolor. Food Chem., 110(2): 446-453. Masuko T, Minami A, Iwasaki N, Majima T, Nishimura SI, Lee YC (2005) . Carbohydrate analysis by a phenol–sulfuric acid method in a microplate format. Anal. Biochem., 339: 69-72. Qian JY, Liu D, Huang AG (2004). The efficiency of flavonoids in polar extracts of Lycium chinense Mill. fruits as free radical scavenger. Food Chem., 87(2): 283-288. Sun ZD, Zhang SH (1997). High performance Liquid Chromatograph determination of D-galacturonic acid in Lycium chinens polysaccharide. J. Huazhong Agric. University, 02: 188-191 (in Chinese). Sommer A (1995). Vitamin A Deficiency and Its Consequences: A Field Guide to Detection and control. World Health Organization, Geneva, pp. 14-20. Täumer K, Stoffregen H (2005). Determination of repellency distribution using soil organic matter and water content. Geoderma., 2:107-115. The State Pharmacopoeia Commission of China, Pharmacopoeia of China, vol. I, Chemical Industry Press, Beijing, 2005, p. 174 (in Chinese). Wang L, Weller CL (2006). Recent advances in extraction of nutraceuticals from plants. Trends Food Sci Tech., 17(6): 300-312. Yu MS, Leung SK, Lai SW, Che CM, Zee SY, So KF, Yuen WH, Chang RCC (2005). Neuroprotective effects of anti-aging oriental medicine Lycium barbarum against beta-amyloid peptide neurotoxicity. Exp Gerontol., 40(8): 716-727. Zhang HF, Yang X, Zhao LD, Wang Y (2009). Ultrasonic-assisted extraction of epimedin C from fresh leaves of Epimedium and extraction mechanism. Innov. Food Sci. Emerg., 10: 54-60.
Page 1 and 2:
Journal of Medicinal Plants Researc
Page 3 and 4:
Editors Prof. Akah Peter Achunike E
Page 5 and 6: Electronic submission of manuscript
Page 7 and 8: Fees and Charges: Authors are requi
Page 9 and 10: Table of Contents: Volume 6 Number
Page 15 and 16: Figure 1. Chuanxiong Rhizoma (http:
Page 17 and 18: Table 1. Identification of main pea
Page 19 and 20: Table 3. Pharmacokinetic parameters
Page 21 and 22: active component study, many invest
Page 23 and 24: Journal of Medicinal Plants Researc
Page 25 and 26: and 1185 kg ha -1 in the first site
Page 27 and 28: Table 1. Recommendation for use fer
Page 29 and 30: Sadanandan AK, Hamza S (1996c). Stu
Page 31 and 32: and it has been traced to South Ame
Page 33 and 34: Table 3. Results of phytochemical a
Page 37 and 38: (a) (b) (c) Figure 1. (a) Normal ce
Page 39 and 40: emedies in the south of Brazil. J.
Page 41 and 42: known fatty acids and terpenoids we
Page 43 and 44: Table 1. Renal function tests of ra
Page 45 and 46: Al-Radahe et al. 2271 Figure 3.nnnn
Page 47 and 48: namely disruption of the vascular e
Page 49 and 50: Zayachkivska OS, Konturek SJ, Drozd
Page 51 and 52: β-carotene were purchased from Sig
Page 53 and 54: Figure 1. Effect of ethanol concent
Page 55: Table 3. Climatic and soil factors
Page 59 and 60: Serge et al. 2285 Table 1. Relative
Page 61 and 62: Percentage inhibition % of inhibiti
Page 65 and 66: Table 1. Result of phytochemical sc
Page 67 and 68: Table 3. Result of thin layer chrom
Page 71 and 72: Table 2. MIC of a compound 1 from c
Page 75 and 76: Zirihi et al. 2301 Figure 2. Termin
Page 77 and 78: Figure 5. T. catappa Linn. (Combret
Page 79 and 80: Figure 8. A. fumigatus: Aspect of c
Page 81 and 82: Figure 12. Sensitivity of A. fumiga
Page 85 and 86: Noormi et al. 2311 Table 1. Callus
Page 87 and 88: Table 2. Contd. NoC=No callus. 4.0
Page 89 and 90: Figure 2. Contd. at 2.0 mg/L yellow
Page 93 and 94: Table 1. Biochemical parameters in
Page 95 and 96: Figure 3. Bcl-xL reactions in inter
Page 97 and 98: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors would l
Page 99 and 100: Figure 1. The first page of the boo
Page 101 and 102: Figure 3. The most widely included
Page 103 and 104: Figure 4. Lithographic print “St.
Page 105 and 106: Table 1. List of plants included in
Page 107 and 108:
Table 1. Contd. Nedelcheva 2333 Cin
Page 109 and 110:
Table 1. Contd. Nedelcheva 2335 Rhe
Page 111 and 112:
14 7 1 15 1 35 17 16 Imported plant
Page 113 and 114:
Academy of Science Publishing House
Page 115 and 116:
et al., 1996; van Wyk and Gericke,
Page 117 and 118:
DPPH inhibition (%) DPPH % inhibiti
Page 119 and 120:
% Mortality Concentration (µg/ml)
Page 121 and 122:
information on plants used for the
Page 123 and 124:
Table 1. Levels of independent vari
Page 125 and 126:
Arbutin (mg/g) Co-solvent Figure 1.
Page 127 and 128:
Page 129 and 130:
Arbutin (mg/g) Extraction pressure
Page 131 and 132:
Table 3. Arbuitn content of Asian p
Page 133 and 134:
Page 135 and 136:
Arbutin (mg/g) Extraction pressure
Page 137 and 138:
Arbutin (mg/g) Extraction temperatu
Page 139 and 140:
Page 141 and 142:
Table 1. Chemical composition of es
Page 143 and 144:
Darjazi 2369 Table 2. Statistical a
Page 145 and 146:
Table 3. Correlation matrix (number
Page 147 and 148:
Page 149 and 150:
Table 1. Precision test. extraction
Page 151 and 152:
Figure 2. Effect of different alcoh
Page 153 and 154:
Table 6. Results of ANOVA. Nie et a
Page 155 and 156:
Page 157 and 158:
Table 2. Plant data and MIC values
Page 159 and 160:
exhibiting the polar extracts of P.
Page 161 and 162:
Table 3. Contd. AcOEt ++ ++ ++ - Me
Page 163 and 164:
Figure 1. Map of Ladakh region of I
Page 165 and 166:
Warghat et al. 2391 Table 3. Summar
Page 167 and 168:
Table 5. Inter-Population genetic i
Page 169 and 170:
Excoffier L, Smouse PE, Quattro JM
Page 171 and 172:
ice residue is an ideal raw materia
Page 173 and 174:
DPPH• scavenging ratio(%) OD valu
Page 175 and 176:
scavenging effect on free radical a
Page 177 and 178:
our new CL system. Fenton reaction
Page 179 and 180:
1 2 Time (s) Figure 2. Kinetic curv
Page 181 and 182:
Wong et al., 2006). It can be seen
Page 183 and 184:
Pan YM, Liang Y, Wang HS, Liang M (
Page 185 and 186:
2422 J. Med. Plants Res. close cano
Page 187 and 188:
2424 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 1. M
Page 189 and 190:
2426 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 1. C
Page 191 and 192:
Page 193 and 194:
Page 195 and 196:
2432 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 2. D
Page 197 and 198:
2434 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 6. T
Page 199 and 200:
2436 J. Med. Plants Res. budget dur
Page 201 and 202:
Page 203 and 204:
2440 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 1. R
Page 205 and 206:
2442 J. Med. Plants Res. Stability
Page 207 and 208:
2444 J. Med. Plants Res. production
Page 209 and 210:
2446 J. Med. Plants Res. Figure 2.
Page 211 and 212:
Page 213 and 214:
2450 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 2. A
Page 215 and 216:
2452 J. Med. Plants Res. Ghasemi Pi
Page 217 and 218:
2454 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 1. I
Page 219 and 220:
2456 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 3. M
Page 221 and 222:
Page 223 and 224:
2460 J. Med. Plants Res. Department
Page 225 and 226:
2462 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 3. E
Page 227 and 228:
Page 229 and 230:
2466 J. Med. Plants Res. AOAC (2000
Page 231 and 232:
Page 233 and 234:
2470 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 1. F
Page 235 and 236:
2472 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 3. S
Page 237 and 238:
Page 239 and 240:
Page 241 and 242:
Page 243 and 244:
2480 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 1. W
Page 245 and 246:
Page 247 and 248:
Page 249 and 250:
2486 J. Med. Plants Res. components
Page 251 and 252:
Page 253 and 254:
2490 J. Med. Plants Res. Inhibition
Page 255 and 256:
Page 257 and 258:
2494 J. Med. Plants Res. can increa
Page 259 and 260:
Page 261 and 262:
Page 263 and 264:
2500 J. Med. Plants Res. Flowering
Page 265 and 266:
2502 J. Med. Plants Res. harvest in
Page 267 and 268:
Page 269 and 270:
Page 271 and 272:
Page 273 and 274:
Page 275 and 276:
2512 J. Med. Plants Res. over-expre
Page 277 and 278:
Page 279 and 280:
2516 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 1. P
Page 281 and 282:
Page 283 and 284:
Page 285 and 286:
Page 287 and 288:
2524 J. Med. Plants Res. ACKNOWLEDG
Page 289 and 290:
UPCOMING CONFERENCES 15th European
Page 291:
show all

Download Complete Issue - Academic Journals

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?