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2288 J. Med. Plants Res. Scalbert (1991) and Malmberg et al. (1980). Their results concerning the toxicity of tannins were similar to our results. For example, they showed that tannins such as lapachol or gossipol show an antiplasmodial activity on P. falciparum strains, but that their toxicity limited their use, as in our results. Most of the plant extracts commonly used as medicinal plants in Burkina Faso did not show activity in the malaria assays used in this study. However, this does not mean that extracts of the plants are not active, as they may work via other mechanisms as pro-drugs or febrifuges. The activity of some plant extracts may be mediated by active metabolites formed in vivo. In vivo investigation of these plants, for example on animal models, will be necessary before we can draw any conclusion concerning their efficacy against human malaria. Finally, some extracts of the seven plants, in particular alkaloids extracted from M. inermis and A. leiocarpus, showed considerable antiplasmodial activity. After toxicological studies, these plants may be of use, particularly in rural communities where conventional drugs are unavailable and health facilities are insufficient. IC50 of chloroquine (CQ) on isolates and reference strains of P. falciparum (Pf), W2 and 3D7 are expressed in nM to validate the sensitivity of P. falciparum (IC50
Journal of Medicinal Plants Research Vol. 6(12), pp. 2289-2294, 30 March, 2012 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/JMPR DOI: 10.5897/JMPR11.201 ISSN 1996-0875 ©2012 <strong>Academic</strong> <strong>Journals</strong> Full Length Research Paper Phytochemicaland proximate analyses and thin layer chromatography fingerprinting of the aerial part of Chenopodium ambrosioides Linn. (Chenopodiaceae) Okhale, Samuel Ehiabhi 1 *, Egharevba, Henry Omoregie 1 , Ona, Eneyi Comfort 1,2 and Kunle, Oluyemisi Folashade 1,3 1 Department of Medicinal Plant Research and Traditional Medicine, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development (NIPRD), Idu Industrial Area, Idu, P. M. B. 21 Garki, Abuja, Nigeria. 2 Department of Chemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria. 3 Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Jos, Nigeria. Accepted 1 February, 2012 The aerial part of Chenopodium ambrosioides L., reputable for the treatment of malaria and diabetes in Nigeria, was qualitatively screened for the presence of secondary metabolites using standard methods. Some proximate parameters were also determined. The result of the phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, terpenes, sterols, cardenolide aglycone, volatile oils and carbohydrates. The proximate analysis revealed moisture content of 10.90%, total ash value of 14.65%, acid-insoluble ash value of 3.05%, water-soluble ash of 6.25%, water-soluble extractive value of 3.18% and alcohol-soluble extractive value of 13.20%. The thin layer chromatography fingerprinting and phytochemical screening revealed several chemical components, which could be isolated from the plant. This study shows that C. ambrosioides is a potential drug plant considering the rich phytochemical and proximate pharmacognostic profile of the aerial part, hence its folkloric uses. The result of this study is the first of its kind on the Nigerian species of this plant drug, and is informative for standardization and monograph development of this herbal plant. Key words: Chenopodium ambrosioides, secondary metabolites, thin layer chromatography, pharmacognostic analysis, antimalaria, Mexican tea, ash value. INTRODUCTION Chenopodium ambrosioides L. also known as epazote, Mexican tea, and wormseed, belongs to the family Chenopodiaceae. The species is wide-spread and originates from tropical America (Munz, 1975). C. ambrosioides is an annual or short-lived perennial herb that grows to over 1 m high, with aromatic glandular hairs. It has a strong rank smell when bruised and the leaves have a pungent smell (Burkill, 1985). Chenopodium species have a wide variety of medicinal properties (Burkill, 1985; Tapondjou et al., 2002). In *Corresponding author. E-mail: samokhale@yahoo.com. Spain, the dry or fresh aerial part of C. ambrosioides is boiled in water and drunk after meals as digestifs, stomachics, and in some cases as hemostatic, stimulant, laxative and antidiarrhoeic. It is also used to reduce blood pressure and to treat colds and fibroids (Filipoy, 1994). It has been used for centuries as condiment, traditional antihelmintic and antimalarial (Ruffa et al., 2002). The plant is sometimes cultivated principally for medicinal uses in West Africa where the leaves are added as flavorings to soup, pounded leaves are applied to sores, or to swellings on the body and to areas of pain. The aromatic smell is inhaled for headache. The plant is used for the treatment of diabetes. In Nigeria, the whole plant is pounded and eaten as a laxative, and its infusion is
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Journal of Medicinal Plants Researc
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Editors Prof. Akah Peter Achunike E
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Electronic submission of manuscript
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Fees and Charges: Authors are requi
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Table of Contents: Volume 6 Number
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Academy of Science Publishing House
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et al., 1996; van Wyk and Gericke,
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DPPH inhibition (%) DPPH % inhibiti
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% Mortality Concentration (µg/ml)
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information on plants used for the
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Table 1. Levels of independent vari
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Arbutin (mg/g) Co-solvent Figure 1.
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Arbutin (mg/g) Extraction pressure
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Table 3. Arbuitn content of Asian p
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Arbutin (mg/g) Extraction pressure
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Arbutin (mg/g) Extraction temperatu
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Table 1. Chemical composition of es
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Darjazi 2369 Table 2. Statistical a
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Table 3. Correlation matrix (number
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Table 1. Precision test. extraction
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Figure 2. Effect of different alcoh
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Table 6. Results of ANOVA. Nie et a
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Table 2. Plant data and MIC values
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exhibiting the polar extracts of P.
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Figure 1. Map of Ladakh region of I
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Warghat et al. 2391 Table 3. Summar
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Table 5. Inter-Population genetic i
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Excoffier L, Smouse PE, Quattro JM
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ice residue is an ideal raw materia
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DPPH• scavenging ratio(%) OD valu
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scavenging effect on free radical a
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our new CL system. Fenton reaction
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1 2 Time (s) Figure 2. Kinetic curv
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Wong et al., 2006). It can be seen
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Pan YM, Liang Y, Wang HS, Liang M (
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2422 J. Med. Plants Res. close cano
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2442 J. Med. Plants Res. Stability
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UPCOMING CONFERENCES 15th European
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