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Journal of Medicinal Plants Research Vol. 6(12), pp. 2324-2339, 30 March, 2012 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/JMPR DOI: 10.5897/JMPR11.831 ISSN 1996-0875 ©2012 <strong>Academic</strong> <strong>Journals</strong> Full Length Research Paper Medicinal plants from an old Bulgarian medical book Anely Nedelcheva Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, Faculty of Biology, Department of Botany, Sofia, Bulgaria. E-mail: aneli_nedelcheva@yahoo.com. Accepted 18 July, 2011 The aim of this study was to conduct an ethnobotanical research of old written sources which give information about medicinal plants and preparation of folk remedies for a particular historical period. The object of the present study is “Canon Prayer to St. Ivan Rilski and Medicinal Text” (1845) - a part of the Bulgarian early printed literature heritage. The 92 submitted recipes cover a wide range of illnesses and symptoms ranging from antiseptic to cures for neurological diseases. High species diversity of medicinal plants is represented in the book - most of them are vascular plants from 36 families (Leguminosae, Umbeliferae, Compositae, Zingiberaceae, Piperaceae, Myristicaceae, Lauraceae, Labiatae, Liliaceae, etc.) and 65 genera. The main components in written folk remedies are medicinal plants (more than 69), followed by the animals and animal products (20) such as honey, eggs, leeches, blood, musk, etc., mineral elements (sulphur (S), mercury (Hg), Au, gold (Au), iron (Fe)) and other organic and inorganic compounds (30). The significant participation of spices such as clove, cinnamon, mastic and ginger in folk remedies sheds new light on the list of species that are traditionally used in the folk medicine. The ethnobotanical study on this book, support the thesis that it was founded on authentic recipes from the healing activity of St. Ivan Rilski, which has increased its historical value a lot. Key words: Ethnobotany, folk remedies, medicinal plants, old book, St. Ivan Rilski. INTRODUCTION Because of the recent trends to search for new medicinal plants and the rediscovery of alternative methods to treat diseases, the interest to all sources of popular knowledge concerning the folk medicine is expected and logical. This trend in scientific studies is quite visible in many contemporary documents of world health organization (WHO) (Bodeker et al., 2005). In the recent years, a lot of ethnobotanical investigations were aimed at collecting, analyzing and systematizing the accumulated traditional folk knowledge (Hatfield, 2004). The methods applied mainly by conducting interviews in different regions of the world are followed by modern quantitative and numerical analysis. The number of these studies has increased in Europe and in particular in the Balkan region (Redzic, 2009; Santayana et al., 2010; Dogan et al., 2011). Bulgarians have been using herbal medicine to treat some common diseases for centuries. The empirical data of medicinal plants and traditional herbal drugs is passed on from one generation to another as oral folklore and only little part of it can be found in written texts - manuscripts or herbal books. Most of them are well preserved and recorded with regard to the responsibility to keep the national traditional knowledge (Balan, 1909; Pogorelov, 1923; Stoyanov, 1957-1959; Petkanova, 2003). Written historical records are documentary sources with greater degree of reliability of the information. They provide data which summarizes the folklore experience of many generations. A good example in that regard is the study of the works of Cervantes with references to plants, plant communities, and products (Santayana et al., 2006). Almanacs, orthodox books, books with herbal recipes and books of domestic medicine abundant during the XIX century were a mix of officinal and folk medicine. Some ethnobotanical and ethnopharmacological studies have focused on written documents - historical documents, herbal books, literature, etc. (Richmond et al., 2003; Santayana et al., 2006; Quave et al., 2008;
Figure 1. The first page of the book. Leonti et al., 2009). The Bulgarian ethnobotanical literature generally neglected the oldest text documents related to Bulgarian herbal history (Ahtarov et al., 1939; Stojanov and Kitanov, 1960; Vakarelski, 1977, Petkov, 1982; Ivancheva and Stancheva, 2000; Leporatti and Ivancheva, 2003; Ploetz and Orr, 2004; Nedelcheva and Dogan, 2009). The aim of this study was to conduct an ethnobotanical research of old written sources which give information about medicinal plants and preparation of folk remedies for a particular historical period. The research was focused on the medicinal plant identification, the determination of species‟ richness and diversity, and the analysis of the level of herbal folk knowledge. One of its purposes was to show features of historical printed sources as well as to reveal the possibilities of analysis that the collected information provides. MATERIALS AND METHODS Nedelcheva 2325 The object of the present study is “Canon Prayer to St. Ivan Rilski and Medicinal Text” (1845), (P. Sapunov Publ., Bucharest, 65 pp). Figure 1 - a part of the Bulgarian early printed literature heritage (Balan, 1909; Pogorelov, 1923; Stoyanov, 1957-1959). Written in Old Church Slavonic language by an anonymous author, the book contains three main parts: 1) “Canon-prayer”, 2) “Prayer to St. Ivan Rilski” and 3) Folk remedies. According to Balan (1909), the presumed author of the manuscript from which he made the printed edition is Neofit Rilski (a 19th-century Bulgarian monk, teacher and artist, and an important figure of the Bulgarian National Rennaisance). The printed edition of this book is stored in the fund for old, rare and valuable books on St. St. Cyril and Methodius National Library, Sofia. Why this book? The book is one of the oldest written documental sources with traditional herbal remedies. “Lekarstvenik” (in Bulgarian) means book with collection of folk recipes and home remedies (medicinal text) (Figure 1). The texts that it contains are much more than a catalog of natural cures. The book is dedicated to St. Ivan Rilski (876 - circa 946) - the first Bulgarian hermit. Today he is honoured as the patron of the Bulgarian people and one of the most important saints of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church. St. Ivan Rilski is also legendary known to have performed a multitude of miracles in order to help people heal of illnesses and infirmities (Duichev, 1947; Pulos, 1992; Bayramova, 1997). The few data about herbs, remedies, etc. that he used has been found until now (Stranski, 1953; Nedelcheva, 2009). The book chosen for the subject of this study relates to several specific time periods: 1) The period of the creation and the implementation of the recipes - the most active years of St. Ivan Rilski during the reign of Tsar Peter I (927-969); 2) The period of the storage and transmission (it continued about 900 years); 3) The period of creating a written document (around 1827) (the activity of N. Rilski as a scholar in Rila Monastery); 4) The period of printed book (1845). The book is one of the oldest catalogues of natural cures in Bulgaria and consists of 92 folk remedies, used in wide spectra of health problems. The feature for each remedy describes the kind of disorders it is intended for, its ingredients, the order of preparation and some instructions for use (Figure 2). The herbs are mentioned with their vernacular names. The identification of the plants on these folk names is a major problem because nowadays most of them are old and unknown or with very limited use. The plants were identified according to their scientific (Latin) names in the medicinal and botanical books of that time (Pirovo, 1854), classical Bulgarian ethnobotanical sources (Ahtarov et al., 1939; Stojanov and Kitanov, 1960; Stranski, 1963) and modern ethnobotanical databases and glossaries (Katzer, 2011). The information set out in any written source is directly connected to a region characterized by geographical, ethnic and social features. Study area Bulgaria is a country in the Balkans in south-eastern Europe. It borders five other states: Romania to the north (mostly along the River Danube), Serbia and the Republic of Macedonia to the west,
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Journal of Medicinal Plants Researc
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Editors Prof. Akah Peter Achunike E
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Electronic submission of manuscript
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Fees and Charges: Authors are requi
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Table of Contents: Volume 6 Number
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Figure 1. Chuanxiong Rhizoma (http:
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Table 1. Identification of main pea
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Table 3. Pharmacokinetic parameters
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active component study, many invest
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and 1185 kg ha -1 in the first site
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Table 1. Recommendation for use fer
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Sadanandan AK, Hamza S (1996c). Stu
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and it has been traced to South Ame
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Table 3. Results of phytochemical a
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(a) (b) (c) Figure 1. (a) Normal ce
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emedies in the south of Brazil. J.
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known fatty acids and terpenoids we
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Table 1. Renal function tests of ra
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Al-Radahe et al. 2271 Figure 3.nnnn
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Page 49 and 50: Zayachkivska OS, Konturek SJ, Drozd
Page 51 and 52: β-carotene were purchased from Sig
Page 53 and 54: Figure 1. Effect of ethanol concent
Page 55 and 56: Table 3. Climatic and soil factors
Page 57 and 58: content of polysaccharides. Phospha
Page 59 and 60: Serge et al. 2285 Table 1. Relative
Page 61 and 62: Percentage inhibition % of inhibiti
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Page 65 and 66: Table 1. Result of phytochemical sc
Page 67 and 68: Table 3. Result of thin layer chrom
Page 71 and 72: Table 2. MIC of a compound 1 from c
Page 75 and 76: Zirihi et al. 2301 Figure 2. Termin
Page 77 and 78: Figure 5. T. catappa Linn. (Combret
Page 79 and 80: Figure 8. A. fumigatus: Aspect of c
Page 81 and 82: Figure 12. Sensitivity of A. fumiga
Page 85 and 86: Noormi et al. 2311 Table 1. Callus
Page 87 and 88: Table 2. Contd. NoC=No callus. 4.0
Page 89 and 90: Figure 2. Contd. at 2.0 mg/L yellow
Page 93 and 94: Table 1. Biochemical parameters in
Page 95 and 96: Figure 3. Bcl-xL reactions in inter
Page 97: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors would l
Page 101 and 102: Figure 3. The most widely included
Page 103 and 104: Figure 4. Lithographic print “St.
Page 105 and 106: Table 1. List of plants included in
Page 107 and 108: Table 1. Contd. Nedelcheva 2333 Cin
Page 109 and 110: Table 1. Contd. Nedelcheva 2335 Rhe
Page 111 and 112: 14 7 1 15 1 35 17 16 Imported plant
Page 113 and 114: Academy of Science Publishing House
Page 115 and 116: et al., 1996; van Wyk and Gericke,
Page 117 and 118: DPPH inhibition (%) DPPH % inhibiti
Page 119 and 120: % Mortality Concentration (µg/ml)
Page 121 and 122: information on plants used for the
Page 123 and 124: Table 1. Levels of independent vari
Page 125 and 126: Arbutin (mg/g) Co-solvent Figure 1.
Page 129 and 130: Arbutin (mg/g) Extraction pressure
Page 131 and 132: Table 3. Arbuitn content of Asian p
Page 135 and 136: Arbutin (mg/g) Extraction pressure
Page 137 and 138: Arbutin (mg/g) Extraction temperatu
Page 141 and 142: Table 1. Chemical composition of es
Page 143 and 144: Darjazi 2369 Table 2. Statistical a
Page 145 and 146: Table 3. Correlation matrix (number
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Table 1. Precision test. extraction
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Figure 2. Effect of different alcoh
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Table 6. Results of ANOVA. Nie et a
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Table 2. Plant data and MIC values
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exhibiting the polar extracts of P.
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Table 3. Contd. AcOEt ++ ++ ++ - Me
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Figure 1. Map of Ladakh region of I
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Warghat et al. 2391 Table 3. Summar
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Table 5. Inter-Population genetic i
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Excoffier L, Smouse PE, Quattro JM
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ice residue is an ideal raw materia
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DPPH• scavenging ratio(%) OD valu
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scavenging effect on free radical a
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our new CL system. Fenton reaction
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1 2 Time (s) Figure 2. Kinetic curv
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Wong et al., 2006). It can be seen
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Pan YM, Liang Y, Wang HS, Liang M (
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2422 J. Med. Plants Res. close cano
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2424 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 1. M
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2426 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 1. C
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2432 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 2. D
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2434 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 6. T
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2436 J. Med. Plants Res. budget dur
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2440 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 1. R
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2442 J. Med. Plants Res. Stability
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2444 J. Med. Plants Res. production
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2446 J. Med. Plants Res. Figure 2.
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2450 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 2. A
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2452 J. Med. Plants Res. Ghasemi Pi
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2454 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 1. I
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2456 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 3. M
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2460 J. Med. Plants Res. Department
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2462 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 3. E
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2466 J. Med. Plants Res. AOAC (2000
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2470 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 1. F
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2472 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 3. S
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2480 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 1. W
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2486 J. Med. Plants Res. components
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2490 J. Med. Plants Res. Inhibition
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2494 J. Med. Plants Res. can increa
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2500 J. Med. Plants Res. Flowering
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2502 J. Med. Plants Res. harvest in
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2516 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 1. P
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2524 J. Med. Plants Res. ACKNOWLEDG
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UPCOMING CONFERENCES 15th European
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