Download Complete Issue - Academic Journals

More documents

Recommendations

Info

2260 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 5. Effects of the methanolic extract of U. lobata L. (Malvaceae) on the radial mycelial growth on the test fungi (mm). Concentration of extract (mg/ml) Botrydiplodia theobromae Rhizopus species Control Test % inhibition Control Test % inhibition 50 34 17.0 50 39 19.0 50 25 34 21.0 40 39 26.0 30 12.5 34 24.0 30 39 32.0 20 6.25 34 29.0 20 39 22 40 3.13 34 34.0 0 39 23.0 40 12.5 - 50.0 mg/ml. From the above results U. lobata L. may serve as a constituent of human diet supplying the body with minerals, protein and energy. The use of the plant by traditional practitioners to treat bacterial and fungal diseases is therefore justified. REFERENCES Abolaji OA, Adebayo AH, Odesanmi OS (2007). Nutritional Qualities of three Medical plant parts: Xlopia aethhiopica, Blighia sapida, and Parinari polyandra. Pak. J. Nutri., 6: 665-668. Adeyeye E, Otokili MKO (1999). Proximate Composition and some nutritionally valuable minerals of two varieties of Capsicum annum. Discov. Innov., 11: 75-81. Akindahunsi AA, Salawu SO (2005). Phytochemical screening and nutrient-antinutrient composition of selected tropical green vegetables. Afr. J. Biotech., 4: 497-501. Antia BS, Akpan EJ, Okon PA, Umoren I U (2006). Nutritive and Anti-Nutritive Evaluation of sweet potatoes Ipomoea batatas leaves. Pak. J. Nutri., 5(2): 166-168. Asibey-Berko E, Tayie F A K (1999). Proximate Analysis of some under utilized Ghanian vegetables. Ghana J. Sci., 39: 8-16. Asquith TN, Butler LG (1986). Interaction of condensed tannins with selected proteins. Phytochem., 25(7): 1591-1593. Bauer AW, Kirby WW, Shorries JC , Turicks M (1966). Antibotics susceptibility testing by a standard single disc method. Am. J. Clinc. Path., 45: 493-496. Bogert I, Briggs GM, Calloway DH (1973). Nutrition and Physical fitness. W. B. Saunders and Co. Philadelphia, USA. Bringman G, Ochse M, Wolf K, Krans J, Peter SK, Peters EM, Herderich M, Akeassi L ,Tayman FK (1999). 4-oxonicotinmide-1-1(β-d-ribofuranoside) from Rothmannsa Lengiflora salish (Rubiacceae). Phytochem.,. 51: 227-276. Cowan MM, (1999). Plants Products as Antimicrobial Agents. Clin.l Microbiol. Rev., 12: 564-582. Dalziel JM (1937). The Useful Plants of West Africa. Published by Crown Agents for overseas Govt. and Administration London. pp. 101-104. Ebun-Oluwa PO, Alade AS (2007). Nutritional potential of Belandier Nettle spurge Jatropha cathatica seed Pak. J. Nutr., 6: 345:348. Ekop AS (2007). Determination of Chemical Composition of Gnetum africana (AFANG) seeds. Pak. J. Nutri., 6(1): 40-43. Ekwuete N (1992). Antimicrobial activity of certain medicinal plants used. In traditional medicine in Nigeria. Niger. J. Microbiol., 4:32-37. Etuk EU, Bassey MN, Umoh UO, Inyang EG (1998). Comparative Nutritional studies on three local varieties of Hensiis crinita. Plant Varieties Seeds. 11: 151-158. Faruq UZ, Sani A, Hassan LG (2002): Proximate composition of sickle pod Senna obtusfolia leaves. Nig. J. Basic. Appl. Sci., 11: 157-164 Gill LS (1992). Ethnomedical Uses of Plants In Nigeria.Uniben Press, University of Benin, Benin City, Edo- State, Nigeria. Ghoshal S, Krishna PBN, Lashmi V (1996). Anticandidal Activity of Plants Used for Clinical Trial of a Solanum nigrescients preparation. J. Ethnopharmacol., 22: 307- 313. Gnanamanickam S, Smith DA (1980). Selective toxicity of Isoflavonoid phytoalexin to Gram-Positive bacteria. Phytopathol., 70: 894-896. Ifon ET, Bassir O (1980). The nutritive value of some Nigerian leafy Vegetables – parts 2: The distribution of proteins, carbohydrates (including ethanol – soluble simple sugars), crude fat, fibre and Ash. Food Chem., 5: 231-235. Ishida H, Suzuno H, Sugiyama N, Innami S, Todokoro T.(2000) National evaluation of chemical component of leaves stalks and stem of sweet potatoes. Ipomea batatas poir. Food Chem., 68: 359-367. Ibrahim NDG, Abdurahman EM, Ibrahim G (2001). Elemental analysis of the leaves of Vernonia amygdalina and its biological evaluation in rats. Niger. J. Nat.Prod. Med., 5: 13-16. Keshab G (1976). The Wealth of India. Raw materials Vol 10. Publication and Information Directorate, C. Sol. R, New Delhi. pp. 414-416. Kim MH, Kyung KH, An JM (2002). Antimicrobial activity of heated garlic – extract against Staphylococcus aureus.Food Saf., 6: 29-44. Ladan MJ, Bilbils LS, Lawal M (1996). Nutrient composition of some green leafy vegetables consumed in Sokoto, Nigeria. J. Basic. Appl. Sci., 5: 39-44 Lockett CT, Calvert CC, Grevetti LE (2000). Energy and micronutrient composition of dietary and medicinal wild plants consumed during drought: Study of Rural Fulani, Northeastern Nigeria. Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr., 51: 193-208. McDevitt JT, Schneider DM, Katiyar SK, Edlind TD (1998). Berberina: a candidate for the treatment of diarrhea in AIDS patients abstr. 175. In Program and Abstract of the 36 th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents And Chemotherapy. Am. Soc. Microbiol. Washington D.C. Mendoza L, Wilkens M, Urzua A (1997). Antimicrobial study of the resinous exudates and of diterpenoids and flavonoids isolated from Chilean pseudognaphalium (Asteraceae). J. Ethnopharmacol., 58: 85-88. Odeyemi AT, Fagbohun ED (2005). Antimicrobial activities of the extract of the peels of Dioscorea cyensis L. J. Appl. Environ. Sci., 1: 37-42. Okaka JC, Akobundu ENT, Okaka ACN (2006). Food and Human Nutrition, an Integrated Approach. O. J. C. Academic Pub. Enugu, Nigeria. Olayinka AO, Onoruvwe O, Lot TY (1992). Cardiovascular Effects of Methanolic extracts of the stem bark of Khaya senegalensis. Phytother. Res., 6(5): 282-284. Pearson DH (1976) Chemical Analysis of Foods. Churchhill London. pp. 335-336. Smith DA (1978). Observation on the fungi toxicity of the phytoalexin, kievitone. Phytopathol., 68: 81-87. Sofowora EA (2008). Medicinal plants and traditional Medicine in Africa. Spectrum Books Ltd, Ibadan; Nigeria. pp. 1-10. Trease GE, Evans WC (1985). Pharmacognosy 11 th Ed., Tindall Ltd, London, pp. 60-75. Techtron V (1975) Basic Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: A Modern Introduction, Domican Press, Victoria, Australia. pp. 104-106. Wunderlin RP (1998). Guide to the Vascular Plant of Florida. Univ. of Florida Press, Gainesville.
Journal of Medicinal Plants Research Vol. 6(12), pp. 2261-2265, 30 March, 2012 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/JMPR DOI: 10.5897/JMPR10.040 ISSN 1996-0875 ©2012 Academic Journals Full Length Research Paper Screening of Brazilian plants for antiviral activity against animal herpesviruses M. J. B. Fernandes*, A. V. Barros, M. S. Melo and I. C. Simoni Centro de P&D de Sanidade Animal, Instituto Biológico, São Paulo, Brazil. Accepted 22 June, 2010 In a screening of Brazilian plants, extracts from 27 species were assayed in vitro for antiviral activity against bovine and suid herpesviruses type 1. The plants considered promising as source of antiviral substances were those that presented viral inhibition index equal or more than 1.5 meaning a difference of viral titers between treated and untreated infected cells. Out of the 27 plants tested, extracts of Bumelia sertorum, Coffea arabica, Endopleura uchi, Leandra purpurescens, Psidium cattleianum and Uncaria tomentosa showed antiviral activity for both viruses. Extracts of Prunus myrtifolia and Symphyopappus compressus were active only against bovine herpesvirus while those of Bauhinia blakeana, Origanum vulgare, Ricinus communis and Tibouchina mutabilis inhibited only suid herpesvirus. Most of these plants are part of Brazilian folk medicine warranting the ethnopharmacology as an efficient strategy for selecting the plants for antiviral studies. Plants that presented activity against both animal herpesviruses are promising for further studies as antiviral components source. Key words: Brazilian plants, cytotoxicity, suid and bovine herpesviruses type 1, antiviral activity. INTRODUCTION Researches on natural products have significantly progressed over the last decades, mainly on plants corroborating their importance to the discovery of new biological and medicinal agents (Rates, 2001; Newman et al., 2003; Calixto, 2000). Treatment of viral infections with synthetic substances is often unsatisfactory and limited due a narrow spectrum of activity, limited therapeutic usefulness, toxicity and resistant viral strains (Martim and Ernest, 2003; Chattopadhyay and Naif, 2007). Many plants have been reported to have antiviral activity and may serve as promising sources of novel viral prototypes (Cowan, 1999; Jassim and Naji, 2003; Martim and Ernest, 2003; Chattopadhyay and Naif, 2007). In the veterinary area, the bovine (BoHV-1) and the suid (SuHV-1) herpesviruses are important pathogens, because of the significant economic losses incurred by diseases and trading restrictions. BoHV-1 is a major pathogen of cattle, causing infection bovine *Corresponding author. E-mail: judite@biologico.sp.gov.br. Tel: +551150871714. Fax: +551150871791. rhinotracheitis (IBR) and abortions (Muylkens et al., 2007). SuHV-1 causes the Aujeszky’s disease (ADV) or pseudorabies (Nauwynck, 1997; Groff et al., 2005). The aim of the present work is to assess the in vitro antiviral activity of 27 Brazilian plant extracts against these two animal herpesviruses together with studies of cytotoxicity, because Brazil has the largest tropical forest in the world, where medicinal plants are most abundant. MATERIALS AND METHODS Plants The 27 plant species used in this study are as shown in Table 1. Majority of the plants were collected in Serra do Itapeti Municipal Natural Park, Mogi das Cruzes, São Paulo (SP) State, Brazil during 2004 to 2005. Only Coffea arabica, Ligustrum lucidum, Morus nigra, Potomorphe umbellata and Ricinus communis were from the park to the Instituto Biológico, São Paulo/SP. The plant specimens were identified and authenticated by botanist Dra. Inês Cordeiro, of the Instituto de Botânica de São Paulo, São Paulo by comparison with exsiccates deposited at this herbarium. The crude aqueous extracts (CAE) were obtained from dried leaves which were powdered, dissolved in sterile distilled water (10%, w/v) and maintained overnight at 4°C. Then, CAE were filtered on filter paper and were
Page 1 and 2: Journal of Medicinal Plants Researc
Page 3 and 4: Editors Prof. Akah Peter Achunike E
Page 5 and 6: Electronic submission of manuscript
Page 7 and 8: Fees and Charges: Authors are requi
Page 9 and 10: Table of Contents: Volume 6 Number
Page 15 and 16: Figure 1. Chuanxiong Rhizoma (http:
Page 17 and 18: Table 1. Identification of main pea
Page 19 and 20: Table 3. Pharmacokinetic parameters
Page 21 and 22: active component study, many invest
Page 25 and 26: and 1185 kg ha -1 in the first site
Page 27 and 28: Table 1. Recommendation for use fer
Page 29 and 30: Sadanandan AK, Hamza S (1996c). Stu
Page 31 and 32: and it has been traced to South Ame
Page 33: Table 3. Results of phytochemical a
Page 37 and 38: (a) (b) (c) Figure 1. (a) Normal ce
Page 39 and 40: emedies in the south of Brazil. J.
Page 41 and 42: known fatty acids and terpenoids we
Page 43 and 44: Table 1. Renal function tests of ra
Page 45 and 46: Al-Radahe et al. 2271 Figure 3.nnnn
Page 47 and 48: namely disruption of the vascular e
Page 49 and 50: Zayachkivska OS, Konturek SJ, Drozd
Page 51 and 52: β-carotene were purchased from Sig
Page 53 and 54: Figure 1. Effect of ethanol concent
Page 55 and 56: Table 3. Climatic and soil factors
Page 57 and 58: content of polysaccharides. Phospha
Page 59 and 60: Serge et al. 2285 Table 1. Relative
Page 61 and 62: Percentage inhibition % of inhibiti
Page 65 and 66: Table 1. Result of phytochemical sc
Page 67 and 68: Table 3. Result of thin layer chrom
Page 71 and 72: Table 2. MIC of a compound 1 from c
Page 75 and 76: Zirihi et al. 2301 Figure 2. Termin
Page 77 and 78: Figure 5. T. catappa Linn. (Combret
Page 79 and 80: Figure 8. A. fumigatus: Aspect of c
Page 81 and 82: Figure 12. Sensitivity of A. fumiga
Page 85 and 86:
Noormi et al. 2311 Table 1. Callus
Page 87 and 88:
Table 2. Contd. NoC=No callus. 4.0
Page 89 and 90:
Figure 2. Contd. at 2.0 mg/L yellow
Page 91 and 92:
Journal of Medicinal Plants Researc
Page 93 and 94:
Table 1. Biochemical parameters in
Page 95 and 96:
Figure 3. Bcl-xL reactions in inter
Page 97 and 98:
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors would l
Page 99 and 100:
Figure 1. The first page of the boo
Page 101 and 102:
Figure 3. The most widely included
Page 103 and 104:
Figure 4. Lithographic print “St.
Page 105 and 106:
Table 1. List of plants included in
Page 107 and 108:
Table 1. Contd. Nedelcheva 2333 Cin
Page 109 and 110:
Table 1. Contd. Nedelcheva 2335 Rhe
Page 111 and 112:
14 7 1 15 1 35 17 16 Imported plant
Page 113 and 114:
Academy of Science Publishing House
Page 115 and 116:
et al., 1996; van Wyk and Gericke,
Page 117 and 118:
DPPH inhibition (%) DPPH % inhibiti
Page 119 and 120:
% Mortality Concentration (µg/ml)
Page 121 and 122:
information on plants used for the
Page 123 and 124:
Table 1. Levels of independent vari
Page 125 and 126:
Arbutin (mg/g) Co-solvent Figure 1.
Page 127 and 128:
Page 129 and 130:
Arbutin (mg/g) Extraction pressure
Page 131 and 132:
Table 3. Arbuitn content of Asian p
Page 133 and 134:
Page 135 and 136:
Arbutin (mg/g) Extraction pressure
Page 137 and 138:
Arbutin (mg/g) Extraction temperatu
Page 139 and 140:
Page 141 and 142:
Table 1. Chemical composition of es
Page 143 and 144:
Darjazi 2369 Table 2. Statistical a
Page 145 and 146:
Table 3. Correlation matrix (number
Page 147 and 148:
Page 149 and 150:
Table 1. Precision test. extraction
Page 151 and 152:
Figure 2. Effect of different alcoh
Page 153 and 154:
Table 6. Results of ANOVA. Nie et a
Page 155 and 156:
Page 157 and 158:
Table 2. Plant data and MIC values
Page 159 and 160:
exhibiting the polar extracts of P.
Page 161 and 162:
Table 3. Contd. AcOEt ++ ++ ++ - Me
Page 163 and 164:
Figure 1. Map of Ladakh region of I
Page 165 and 166:
Warghat et al. 2391 Table 3. Summar
Page 167 and 168:
Table 5. Inter-Population genetic i
Page 169 and 170:
Excoffier L, Smouse PE, Quattro JM
Page 171 and 172:
ice residue is an ideal raw materia
Page 173 and 174:
DPPH• scavenging ratio(%) OD valu
Page 175 and 176:
scavenging effect on free radical a
Page 177 and 178:
our new CL system. Fenton reaction
Page 179 and 180:
1 2 Time (s) Figure 2. Kinetic curv
Page 181 and 182:
Wong et al., 2006). It can be seen
Page 183 and 184:
Pan YM, Liang Y, Wang HS, Liang M (
Page 185 and 186:
2422 J. Med. Plants Res. close cano
Page 187 and 188:
2424 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 1. M
Page 189 and 190:
2426 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 1. C
Page 191 and 192:
Page 193 and 194:
Page 195 and 196:
2432 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 2. D
Page 197 and 198:
2434 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 6. T
Page 199 and 200:
2436 J. Med. Plants Res. budget dur
Page 201 and 202:
Page 203 and 204:
2440 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 1. R
Page 205 and 206:
2442 J. Med. Plants Res. Stability
Page 207 and 208:
2444 J. Med. Plants Res. production
Page 209 and 210:
2446 J. Med. Plants Res. Figure 2.
Page 211 and 212:
Page 213 and 214:
2450 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 2. A
Page 215 and 216:
2452 J. Med. Plants Res. Ghasemi Pi
Page 217 and 218:
2454 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 1. I
Page 219 and 220:
2456 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 3. M
Page 221 and 222:
Page 223 and 224:
2460 J. Med. Plants Res. Department
Page 225 and 226:
2462 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 3. E
Page 227 and 228:
Page 229 and 230:
2466 J. Med. Plants Res. AOAC (2000
Page 231 and 232:
Page 233 and 234:
2470 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 1. F
Page 235 and 236:
2472 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 3. S
Page 237 and 238:
Page 239 and 240:
Page 241 and 242:
Page 243 and 244:
2480 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 1. W
Page 245 and 246:
Page 247 and 248:
Page 249 and 250:
2486 J. Med. Plants Res. components
Page 251 and 252:
Page 253 and 254:
2490 J. Med. Plants Res. Inhibition
Page 255 and 256:
Page 257 and 258:
2494 J. Med. Plants Res. can increa
Page 259 and 260:
Page 261 and 262:
Page 263 and 264:
2500 J. Med. Plants Res. Flowering
Page 265 and 266:
2502 J. Med. Plants Res. harvest in
Page 267 and 268:
Page 269 and 270:
Page 271 and 272:
Page 273 and 274:
Page 275 and 276:
2512 J. Med. Plants Res. over-expre
Page 277 and 278:
Page 279 and 280:
2516 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 1. P
Page 281 and 282:
Page 283 and 284:
Page 285 and 286:
Page 287 and 288:
2524 J. Med. Plants Res. ACKNOWLEDG
Page 289 and 290:
UPCOMING CONFERENCES 15th European
Page 291:
show all

Download Complete Issue - Academic Journals

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?