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2346 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 3. Brime shrimp lethality test of the essential oil of T. violacea rhizome. Concentration (µg/ml) Essential oil of T. violacea rhizome Average no. of survivors Average no. of dead Mortality (%) 2.5 15.0 ±0.00 15.0 ± 0.00 0 5.0 13.0 ± 0.00 2.0 ± 0.00 13.3 10.0 11.0 ± 0.00 4.0.0 ± 0.00 26.6 20 0 0 100 Control 15 0 0 LC50 = 12.59 µg/ml Data were expressed as mean ± SD. these studies showed that the oil extract of rhizome of T. violacea was cytotoxic and this toxicity is concentration dependant (Table 3). It was observed that all the nauplii survive at the lowest concentration (2.5 µg/ml). This significant lethality of the oil extracts(LC50values less than 100 µg/ml) against brine shrimps nauplii might be due to the presence of polysulfides which has be implicated as cytotoxic agents with potential anticancer, antimicrobial and antifungal activities (Münchberg et al., 2007; Anwar et al., 2008). The present study indicates that the essential oil of rhizome of T. violacea exhibit interesting biological activities such as antioxidant and cytototoxic effect and may serve as alternative natural source of anticancer, and antibiotic and antimicrobial agents. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This study was supported with a grant from the National Research Foundation of South Africa. REFERENCES Adams RP (1995). Identification of essential oil components by gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy. Carol Stream, IL: Allured Publ. Anwar A, Burkholz T, Scherer C, Abbas M, Lehr Claus-Michael, Diederich M, Jacob C (2008). ‘Naturally occurring reactive sulfur species, their activity against Caco-2 cells and possible mode of biochemical action’. J. Sulfur Chem., 29(3): 251-268 Amal A. Mohamed, Gehan A, EI- Emary, Hanaa F, Ali (2010). Influence of some citrus essential oils on cell viability, Glutathione-s-transferase and lipid peroxidation in Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells. J. Am. Sci., 6: 10. Amy Berkov, Barbara Meurer-Grimes, Kenneth L. Purzycki (2000). Do Lecythidaceae specialists (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae) shun fetid tree species? Biotropic, 32(3): 440-451. Bungul M, van de Venter, Carminita F (2008). Evidence for in vitro anticoagulant and antithrombotic activity in Tulbaghia violacea. Afr. J. Biotechnol., 7(6): 681-688. Ebrahimzadeh MA, Hosseinimehr SJ, Hamidinia A, Jafari M. (2008a). Antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity of Feijoa sallowiana fruits peel and leaves. Pharmacologyonline, 1: 7-14. Ellison DH (1999). Handbook of chemical and biological warfare agents. CRC Press LLC, 2000 N.W. Corporate Blvd., Boca Raton, Florida, 33431: 162. Govindarajan R, Rastogi S and M Vijayakumar (2003) Studies on antioxidant activities of Desmodium gangeticum, Bio. Pharm. Bull., 26: 1424-1427. Joulain D, Konig WA (1998). The altas of spectral Data of Sesquiterpenes, Hydrocarbons E.B- Verlag Hamburg, Germany. Joulain D, König WA, Hochmuth DH (2001). Terpenoids and related constituents of essential oils. Hamburg, Germany: Library of Mass Finder 2.1 Imelouane B, Amhamdi H, WatheleT JP, Ankit M, Khedid K, Bachiri, AEL (2009). Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oil of Thyme (Thymus vulgaris) from Eastern Morocco. Int. J. Agric. Biol., pp. 1560–8530. Koba k, Poutouli PW, Raynaud C, Jaen-Pierre C, Komla S (2009). Chemical composition and antimicrobial properties of different basil essential oils chemotypes from Togo. Bangladesh J. Pharmacol., 4: 1-8. Kovats E (1958). Characteristic of Organic compounds by gas Chromatography. Part 1. Retention indices of aliphatic halides, alcohols, aldehydes and ketones, Helv, Chim. Acta, 41: 1915-1932. Kosugi H, Kato T, Kikugawa K (1987). Formation of yellow, orange and red pigments in the reaction of alk-2-enals with 2-thiobarbituric acid. Anal. Biochem., 165: 456-464. Kubec R, Svobodova M, Velisek J (1999). Gas- cgromatographic determination of S-alk(en)lcysteine sulfoxdes. J. Chromatogr. A, 862: 85-94. Kubec R, Kim S, Musah RA (2002). S-Substituted cysteine derivatives and thiosulfinate formation in Petiveria alliacea – part II. Phytochem. 61: 675–680. Liyana-Pathiranan CM, Shahidi F (2005). Antioxidant activity of commercial soft and hard wheat (Triticum aestivum L) as affected by gastric pH conditions. J. Agric. Food Chem., 53: 2433–2440 Misharina TA, Terenina MB, Krikunova NI (2009). Antioxidant Properties of Essential Oils. Appl. Biochem. Microbiol., 45(6): 642– 647. Mishra AK, Dubey NK (1994). Evaluation of some essential oils for their toxicity against fungi causing deterioration of stored food commodities. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 60: 1101- 1105.http://aem.asm.org/cgi/reprint/60/4/1101. Morshed MA, Azim UR, Tahrim H, Saurov R, Abdullah A, Rajibul A, Rezuanul (2011). In vitro antimicrobial and cytotoxicity screening of Terminalia arjuna ethanol extract. Int. J. Biosci. (IJB). 1(2):.31-38. Nabavi SM, Ebrahimzadeh MA, Nabavi SF, Hamidinia A, Bekhradnia AR (2008a). Determination of antioxidant activity, phenol and flavonoids content of Parrotia persica Mey. Pharmacologyonline, 2: 560-567. Nigam S, Schewe T (2000). Phopholipase A2 and lipid peroxidation. Biochim. Biophy. Acta., 1488: 167-181. Nuutila AM, Puupponen-Pimia R, Aarni A, Oksman-Caldentry M (2003). Comparison of antioxidant activities of onion and garlic extracts by inhibition of lipid peroxidation and radical scavenging activity. Food Chem., 81: 485-493. Ohkowa M, Ohisi N, Yagi K (1979). Assay for lipid peroxides in Animal tissue by thiobarbituric acid reaction. Analyt. Biochem., 95: 351-358. Olorunnisola OS, Bradley G, Afolayan AJ (2011). Ethnobotanical
information on plants used for the management of cardiovascular diseases in Nkonkobe Municipality, South Africa. J. Med. Plants R. 5(17): 4256-4260. Osamuyimen OI, Isoken HI, Vincent NC, Olohirere EU, Sunday OO, Emmanuel EO, Anthony IO, Etinosa OI (2011). Polyphenolic Contents and Antioxidant Potential of Stem Bark Extracts from Jatropha curcas (Linn). Int. J. Mol. Sci., 12: 2958-2971. Pino J, Rosado A, Gonzalez A (1991). Volatile flavor components of garlic essential oil. Acta Alimentaria, 20 (3-4):163-171. Prabuseenivasan S, Jayakumar M, Ignacimuthu S (2006). In vitro antibacterial activity of some plant essential oils. BMC Complem. Altern. Med., 6: 39. Reena L, Kapil L (2011). Antioxidant activity of garlic essential oil (Allium Sativum) grown in north Indian plains. Asian Pacif. J. Tropical Biomed., 1-3. Ruberto G, Baratta MT, Deans SG, Dorman HJD (2000). Antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of Foeniculum vulgare and Crithmum maritimum essential oils. Planta. Med., 66: 687-693. Saha MR, Hasana SMR, Aktera R, Hossaina MM, Alamb MS, Alam MA, Mazumder MEH (2008).In vitro free radical scavenging activity of Olorunnisola et al. 2347 methanol extract of the leaves of mimusopselengilinn. Angl. J. Vet. Med., 6 (2): 197–202. Ute M, Awaia A, Susanne M, Claus J (2007). Polysulfides as biologically active ingredients of garlic. Org. Biomol. Chem. 5: 1505- 1518. Viuda-Martos M, Navajas YR, Zapata ES, Fernandez-Lopez J, Perez- Alvarez JA (2010). An Antioxidant activity of essential oils of five spice plants widely used in a Mediterranean diet. Flavour Fragr. J. 25:13-19.
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Journal of Medicinal Plants Researc
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Editors Prof. Akah Peter Achunike E
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Electronic submission of manuscript
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Fees and Charges: Authors are requi
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Table of Contents: Volume 6 Number
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Figure 1. Chuanxiong Rhizoma (http:
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Table 1. Identification of main pea
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Table 3. Pharmacokinetic parameters
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active component study, many invest
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and 1185 kg ha -1 in the first site
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Table 1. Recommendation for use fer
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Sadanandan AK, Hamza S (1996c). Stu
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and it has been traced to South Ame
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Table 3. Results of phytochemical a
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(a) (b) (c) Figure 1. (a) Normal ce
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emedies in the south of Brazil. J.
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known fatty acids and terpenoids we
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Table 1. Renal function tests of ra
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Al-Radahe et al. 2271 Figure 3.nnnn
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namely disruption of the vascular e
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Zayachkivska OS, Konturek SJ, Drozd
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β-carotene were purchased from Sig
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Figure 1. Effect of ethanol concent
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Table 3. Climatic and soil factors
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content of polysaccharides. Phospha
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Serge et al. 2285 Table 1. Relative
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Percentage inhibition % of inhibiti
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Table 1. Result of phytochemical sc
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Table 3. Result of thin layer chrom
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Page 81 and 82: Figure 12. Sensitivity of A. fumiga
Page 85 and 86: Noormi et al. 2311 Table 1. Callus
Page 87 and 88: Table 2. Contd. NoC=No callus. 4.0
Page 89 and 90: Figure 2. Contd. at 2.0 mg/L yellow
Page 93 and 94: Table 1. Biochemical parameters in
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Page 97 and 98: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors would l
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Page 101 and 102: Figure 3. The most widely included
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Page 105 and 106: Table 1. List of plants included in
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Page 117 and 118: DPPH inhibition (%) DPPH % inhibiti
Page 119: % Mortality Concentration (µg/ml)
Page 123 and 124: Table 1. Levels of independent vari
Page 125 and 126: Arbutin (mg/g) Co-solvent Figure 1.
Page 129 and 130: Arbutin (mg/g) Extraction pressure
Page 131 and 132: Table 3. Arbuitn content of Asian p
Page 135 and 136: Arbutin (mg/g) Extraction pressure
Page 137 and 138: Arbutin (mg/g) Extraction temperatu
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Page 143 and 144: Darjazi 2369 Table 2. Statistical a
Page 145 and 146: Table 3. Correlation matrix (number
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Page 151 and 152: Figure 2. Effect of different alcoh
Page 153 and 154: Table 6. Results of ANOVA. Nie et a
Page 157 and 158: Table 2. Plant data and MIC values
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Page 161 and 162: Table 3. Contd. AcOEt ++ ++ ++ - Me
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ice residue is an ideal raw materia
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DPPH• scavenging ratio(%) OD valu
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scavenging effect on free radical a
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our new CL system. Fenton reaction
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1 2 Time (s) Figure 2. Kinetic curv
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Wong et al., 2006). It can be seen
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Pan YM, Liang Y, Wang HS, Liang M (
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2422 J. Med. Plants Res. close cano
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2424 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 1. M
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2426 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 1. C
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2432 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 2. D
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2434 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 6. T
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2436 J. Med. Plants Res. budget dur
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2440 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 1. R
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2442 J. Med. Plants Res. Stability
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2444 J. Med. Plants Res. production
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2446 J. Med. Plants Res. Figure 2.
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2450 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 2. A
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2452 J. Med. Plants Res. Ghasemi Pi
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2454 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 1. I
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2456 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 3. M
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2460 J. Med. Plants Res. Department
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2462 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 3. E
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2466 J. Med. Plants Res. AOAC (2000
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2470 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 1. F
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2472 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 3. S
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2480 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 1. W
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2486 J. Med. Plants Res. components
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2490 J. Med. Plants Res. Inhibition
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2494 J. Med. Plants Res. can increa
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2500 J. Med. Plants Res. Flowering
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2502 J. Med. Plants Res. harvest in
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2512 J. Med. Plants Res. over-expre
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2524 J. Med. Plants Res. ACKNOWLEDG
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UPCOMING CONFERENCES 15th European
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