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Journal of Medicinal Plants Research Vol. 6(12), pp. 2504-2513, 30 March, 2012 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/JMPR DOI: 10.5897/JMPR12.019 ISSN 1996-0875 ©2012 <strong>Academic</strong> <strong>Journals</strong> Full Length Research Paper Astragalus polysaccharides induced gene expression profiling of intraepithelial lymphocytes in immunesuppressed mice Lu Cheng 1 , He Xiaojuan 1 , Xiao Cheng 2 , Guo Yuming 1 , Zha Qinglin 1 , Liu Yuanyan 3 , Liu Zhenli 4 , Chen Shilin 5 and Lu Aiping 1 * 1 Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China. 2 Sino-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China. 3 School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China. 4 Institute of Basic theory, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Dongzhimen, Beijing, China. 5 Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, China Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China. Accepted 22 February, 2012 Astragalus polysaccharides (APS) possess a variety of immunomodulatory activities, but the regulation on mucosal immunity is not fully understood. In this study, immune suppression in mice was induced with cyclophosphamide treatment and APS was used as an intervention and was administrated at dosages of 3 g/kg (APS HD) and 1.5 g/kg (APS LD). Intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) were isolated from the intestines. The mRNA expressions from IELs in different groups of mice were detected using gene expression microarray to explore the gene expression profile of IELs, and what are the unique pathways related to low and high dosage of APS. Key words: Astragalus polysaccharides, mucosal immunity, intraepithelial lymphocytes, gene expression. INTRODUCTION The dried root of Astragalus mongholicus (Huangqi) has a long history of medicinal use in traditional Chinese medicine. Animal experiments and modern clinical trials have shown that A. mongholicus has excellent immunomodulating effects (Li, 1991). Even with the widespread use, a complete understanding of the biological effects and mechanisms regarding A. mongholicus has remained largely unknown. The active pharmacological constituents of A. mongholicus include various polysaccharides, saponins, and flavonoids. Among these, Astragalus polysaccharides (APS) have been most widely studied. APS might induce the differentiation of splenic DCs with enhancement of T lymphocyte immune function in vitro (Liu et al., 2011). Studies have also shown that APS enhances the immunological function of chicken erythrocytes (Jiang et al., 2010a). Moreover, APS can modulate the innate immune response of the urinary tract through inducing *Corresponding author. E-mail: lap64067611@126.com. increased TLR4 expression in vitro (Yin et al., 2010). Apart from these actions, our previous research suggested that regulation of the enteric mucosal immune response could be one of the important pathways for immune modulation by polysaccharides (Zhao et al., 2010). Likewise, we have demonstrated that herbal medicines have a modulating effect on the enteric mucosal immune system (Luo et al., 2010; Xiao et al., 2009). The mucosal surface of the intestinal tract is the largest body surface in contact with the external environment. It is a complex ecosystem generated by the alliance of gastrointestinal epithelium, immune cells and resident microbiota (McCracken and Lorenz, 2001). Intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs), as the effector cells of the enteric mucosal immune system, play a multifaceted role in maintaining mucosal homeostasis (Ismail et al., 2009) and may be involved in protective cell-mediated immunity (Mowat et al., 1986). In general, administration of Chinese medicine to individuals is typically done orally, leading to intestinal uptake. Thus, there are extensive interactions between Chinese medicine and intestinal
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Journal of Medicinal Plants Researc
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Editors Prof. Akah Peter Achunike E
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Electronic submission of manuscript
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Fees and Charges: Authors are requi
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Table of Contents: Volume 6 Number
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Figure 1. Chuanxiong Rhizoma (http:
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Table 1. Identification of main pea
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Table 3. Pharmacokinetic parameters
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active component study, many invest
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and 1185 kg ha -1 in the first site
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Table 1. Recommendation for use fer
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Sadanandan AK, Hamza S (1996c). Stu
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and it has been traced to South Ame
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Table 3. Results of phytochemical a
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(a) (b) (c) Figure 1. (a) Normal ce
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emedies in the south of Brazil. J.
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known fatty acids and terpenoids we
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Table 1. Renal function tests of ra
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Al-Radahe et al. 2271 Figure 3.nnnn
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namely disruption of the vascular e
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Zayachkivska OS, Konturek SJ, Drozd
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β-carotene were purchased from Sig
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Figure 1. Effect of ethanol concent
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Table 3. Climatic and soil factors
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content of polysaccharides. Phospha
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Serge et al. 2285 Table 1. Relative
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Percentage inhibition % of inhibiti
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Table 1. Result of phytochemical sc
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Table 3. Result of thin layer chrom
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Table 2. MIC of a compound 1 from c
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Zirihi et al. 2301 Figure 2. Termin
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Figure 5. T. catappa Linn. (Combret
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Figure 8. A. fumigatus: Aspect of c
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Figure 12. Sensitivity of A. fumiga
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Noormi et al. 2311 Table 1. Callus
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Table 2. Contd. NoC=No callus. 4.0
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Figure 2. Contd. at 2.0 mg/L yellow
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Table 1. Biochemical parameters in
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Figure 3. Bcl-xL reactions in inter
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors would l
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Figure 1. The first page of the boo
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Figure 3. The most widely included
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Figure 4. Lithographic print “St.
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Table 1. List of plants included in
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Table 1. Contd. Nedelcheva 2333 Cin
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Table 1. Contd. Nedelcheva 2335 Rhe
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14 7 1 15 1 35 17 16 Imported plant
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Academy of Science Publishing House
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et al., 1996; van Wyk and Gericke,
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DPPH inhibition (%) DPPH % inhibiti
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% Mortality Concentration (µg/ml)
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information on plants used for the
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Table 1. Levels of independent vari
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Arbutin (mg/g) Co-solvent Figure 1.
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Arbutin (mg/g) Extraction pressure
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Table 3. Arbuitn content of Asian p
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Arbutin (mg/g) Extraction pressure
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Arbutin (mg/g) Extraction temperatu
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Table 1. Chemical composition of es
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Darjazi 2369 Table 2. Statistical a
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Table 3. Correlation matrix (number
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Table 1. Precision test. extraction
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Figure 2. Effect of different alcoh
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Table 6. Results of ANOVA. Nie et a
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Table 2. Plant data and MIC values
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exhibiting the polar extracts of P.
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Table 3. Contd. AcOEt ++ ++ ++ - Me
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Figure 1. Map of Ladakh region of I
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Warghat et al. 2391 Table 3. Summar
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Table 5. Inter-Population genetic i
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Excoffier L, Smouse PE, Quattro JM
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ice residue is an ideal raw materia
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DPPH• scavenging ratio(%) OD valu
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scavenging effect on free radical a
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our new CL system. Fenton reaction
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1 2 Time (s) Figure 2. Kinetic curv
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Wong et al., 2006). It can be seen
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Pan YM, Liang Y, Wang HS, Liang M (
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2422 J. Med. Plants Res. close cano
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2436 J. Med. Plants Res. budget dur
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2442 J. Med. Plants Res. Stability
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2444 J. Med. Plants Res. production
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2450 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 2. A
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