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2378 J. Med. Plants Res. Figure 5. Effect of different extraction period on flavonoids extraction. Table 5. Results of the orthogonal test. Test No. Concentration of alcohol (%) The ratio of solid to liquid Extraction times Extraction time (min) Extraction rate of total flavonoids (%) 1 60 1:20 3 120 1.37 2 60 1:30 4 150 1.97 3 60 1:40 5 180 1.84 4 70 1:20 4 180 1.73 5 70 1:30 5 120 2.22 6 70 1:40 3 150 1.66 7 80 1:20 5 150 2.41 8 80 1:30 3 180 2.57 9 80 1:40 4 120 2.47 K1 5.18 5.51 5.6 6.06 K2 5.61 6.76 6.17 6.04 K3 7.45 5.97 6.47 6.14 k1 1.727 1.837 1.867 2.020 k2 1.870 2.253 2.057 2.013 k3 2.483 1.990 2.157 2.047 R 0.756 0.416 0.290 0.034 more than 3, the flavonoid content did not significantly increase. Hence, the numbers of extraction chosen for the orthogonal experiments were 3, 4 and 5. Influence of the extracting period on the extracting process Figure 5 shows that total flavonoids content increased with increased extracting period. At extracting period beyond 150 min, flavonoids content slightly increased. Hence, the extracting periods (120, 150, and 180 min) were chosen for the orthogonal experiments. Analysis of extraction results using the orthogonal test Total flavonoids were adopted as the index for the orthogonal test. Table 5 shows that influences on flavonoids extraction followed the trend alcoholic concentration > solid - liquid ratio > number of extraction
Table 6. Results of ANOVA. Nie et al. 2379 Sources Sum of square of deviations Degree of freedom Mean square F value Prominence Concentration of alcohol 0.969 2 0.4845 484.5 ** The ratio of solid to liquid 0.266 2 0.133 133.0 * Extraction times 0.130 2 0.065 65.00 * Error E (extraction time) 0.002 2 0.001 1.000 F0.05 (2,6) = 19.00, F0.01(2,6) = 99.00. Figure 6. Standard peak of rutin. Figure 7. Sample peak of extracting solution from mulberry leaves. > extracting period. After an analysis of variance (ANOVA), the results (Table 6) indicated that the alcoholic concentration, solid-liquid ratio, as well as number of extraction were significant, and the extraction period was not. Summarily, the optimum extracting condition at 80°C was 80% alcohol, 1:30 solid-liquid ratio, 5 numbers of extraction, and 180 min extraction period. The extraction experiment was repeated three times. The average extraction rate was 2.99%. The results showed that the proposed method was the most feasible among all previously tried methods. Results of the HPLC analysis After measuring the peak areas in Figures 6 and 7, the extraction rate was determined as 2.65%. This value was lower than the extraction rate measured by the UV
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Journal of Medicinal Plants Researc
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Editors Prof. Akah Peter Achunike E
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Electronic submission of manuscript
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Fees and Charges: Authors are requi
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Table of Contents: Volume 6 Number
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Figure 1. Chuanxiong Rhizoma (http:
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Table 1. Identification of main pea
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Table 3. Pharmacokinetic parameters
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active component study, many invest
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and 1185 kg ha -1 in the first site
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Table 1. Recommendation for use fer
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Sadanandan AK, Hamza S (1996c). Stu
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and it has been traced to South Ame
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Table 3. Results of phytochemical a
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(a) (b) (c) Figure 1. (a) Normal ce
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emedies in the south of Brazil. J.
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known fatty acids and terpenoids we
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Table 1. Renal function tests of ra
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Al-Radahe et al. 2271 Figure 3.nnnn
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namely disruption of the vascular e
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Zayachkivska OS, Konturek SJ, Drozd
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β-carotene were purchased from Sig
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Figure 1. Effect of ethanol concent
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Table 3. Climatic and soil factors
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content of polysaccharides. Phospha
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Serge et al. 2285 Table 1. Relative
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Percentage inhibition % of inhibiti
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Table 1. Result of phytochemical sc
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Table 3. Result of thin layer chrom
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Table 2. MIC of a compound 1 from c
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Zirihi et al. 2301 Figure 2. Termin
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Figure 5. T. catappa Linn. (Combret
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Figure 8. A. fumigatus: Aspect of c
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Figure 12. Sensitivity of A. fumiga
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Noormi et al. 2311 Table 1. Callus
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Table 2. Contd. NoC=No callus. 4.0
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Figure 2. Contd. at 2.0 mg/L yellow
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Table 1. Biochemical parameters in
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Figure 3. Bcl-xL reactions in inter
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors would l
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Figure 1. The first page of the boo
Page 101 and 102: Figure 3. The most widely included
Page 103 and 104: Figure 4. Lithographic print “St.
Page 105 and 106: Table 1. List of plants included in
Page 107 and 108: Table 1. Contd. Nedelcheva 2333 Cin
Page 109 and 110: Table 1. Contd. Nedelcheva 2335 Rhe
Page 111 and 112: 14 7 1 15 1 35 17 16 Imported plant
Page 113 and 114: Academy of Science Publishing House
Page 115 and 116: et al., 1996; van Wyk and Gericke,
Page 117 and 118: DPPH inhibition (%) DPPH % inhibiti
Page 119 and 120: % Mortality Concentration (µg/ml)
Page 121 and 122: information on plants used for the
Page 123 and 124: Table 1. Levels of independent vari
Page 125 and 126: Arbutin (mg/g) Co-solvent Figure 1.
Page 129 and 130: Arbutin (mg/g) Extraction pressure
Page 131 and 132: Table 3. Arbuitn content of Asian p
Page 135 and 136: Arbutin (mg/g) Extraction pressure
Page 137 and 138: Arbutin (mg/g) Extraction temperatu
Page 139 and 140: Journal of Medicinal Plants Researc
Page 141 and 142: Table 1. Chemical composition of es
Page 143 and 144: Darjazi 2369 Table 2. Statistical a
Page 145 and 146: Table 3. Correlation matrix (number
Page 149 and 150: Table 1. Precision test. extraction
Page 151: Figure 2. Effect of different alcoh
Page 157 and 158: Table 2. Plant data and MIC values
Page 159 and 160: exhibiting the polar extracts of P.
Page 161 and 162: Table 3. Contd. AcOEt ++ ++ ++ - Me
Page 163 and 164: Figure 1. Map of Ladakh region of I
Page 165 and 166: Warghat et al. 2391 Table 3. Summar
Page 167 and 168: Table 5. Inter-Population genetic i
Page 169 and 170: Excoffier L, Smouse PE, Quattro JM
Page 171 and 172: ice residue is an ideal raw materia
Page 173 and 174: DPPH• scavenging ratio(%) OD valu
Page 175 and 176: scavenging effect on free radical a
Page 177 and 178: our new CL system. Fenton reaction
Page 179 and 180: 1 2 Time (s) Figure 2. Kinetic curv
Page 181 and 182: Wong et al., 2006). It can be seen
Page 183 and 184: Pan YM, Liang Y, Wang HS, Liang M (
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2440 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 1. R
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2442 J. Med. Plants Res. Stability
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2444 J. Med. Plants Res. production
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2446 J. Med. Plants Res. Figure 2.
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2450 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 2. A
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2452 J. Med. Plants Res. Ghasemi Pi
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2454 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 1. I
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2456 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 3. M
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2460 J. Med. Plants Res. Department
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2462 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 3. E
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2466 J. Med. Plants Res. AOAC (2000
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2470 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 1. F
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2472 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 3. S
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2480 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 1. W
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2482 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 2. C
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2484 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 3. C
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2486 J. Med. Plants Res. components
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2490 J. Med. Plants Res. Inhibition
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2494 J. Med. Plants Res. can increa
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2500 J. Med. Plants Res. Flowering
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2502 J. Med. Plants Res. harvest in
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2512 J. Med. Plants Res. over-expre
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2516 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 1. P
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2524 J. Med. Plants Res. ACKNOWLEDG
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UPCOMING CONFERENCES 15th European
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