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Journal of Medicinal Plants Research Vol. 6(12), pp. 2421-2437, 30 March, 2012 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/JMPR DOI: 10.5897/JMPR11.1395 ISSN 1996-0875 ©2012 <strong>Academic</strong> <strong>Journals</strong> Full Length Research Paper A survey of medicinal plants in mangrove and beach forests from sating Phra Peninsula, Songkhla Province, Thailand Oratai Neamsuvan*, Patcharin Singdam, Kornkanok Yingcharoen and Narumon Sengnon Faculty of Traditional Thai Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat yai, 90110, Thailand. Accepted 18 November, 2011 This study aimed to survey medicinal plants in mangrove and beach forests from Sating Phra Peninsula, Songkhla Province. Three representative districts including Sing Ha Nakhon, Sating Phra and Ranode were selected. Semi-structured interview was conducted to six local healers for asking about local names, parts of use, preparation and properties. Plant specimens also were collected. Identification was done and the specimens were deposited at The Prince of Songkla University herbarium (PSU). A total of 110 species belonging to 100 genera and 51 families was found. Among them, 69 species were only found in the beach forests, 35 species were only found in the mangrove forests and 6 species could be found in both areas. Fabaceae was the most important family in term of species used. Herb was the most frequently used habit of plants. Most plant species were used for curing fever (18.52%), skin diseases (10.65%) and gastrointestinal tract problems (10.19%), respectively. Interestingly, 34 species relate to pharmacological activities, while 13 species have never been investigated. Therefore, their biological activity should be investigated to support utilization of herbal medicine. Key words: Medicinal plant, mangrove forest, beach forest, Sating Phra Peninsula, Songkhla Province. INTRODUCTION A survey of medicinal plants has been carried out throughout Thailand, especially the studies based on knowledge of minority ethnic groups due to their traditional and cultural identity. Since almost minorities have settled down in various kinds of forests such as evergreen, deciduous dipterocarp, or mixed deciduous ones, then medicinal plants which are endemic to those areas have been studied. However, some interesting types of forest such as beach and mangrove which are occupied by few dwellers have been neglected for the investigation. Mangrove forest is a vegetation group occupying the intertidal zone in tropical shorelines or estuaries (Chanyong, 2009), that is, the west and east coast of Thailand. It is only in the peninsular Thailand that it is composed of 932 km on the Gulf of Thailand (East coast) *Corresponding author. E-mail: oratai.n@psu.ac.th. Tel: 0066- 811420012. Fax: 0066-74282709. which spread over 173,310 km 2 and 710 km on Andaman coast (West coast) with an estimated area of 155,591 km 2 (Plathong and Plathong, 2004). Generally, plants in mangroves survive and even thrive in saline condition of coastal areas, and most of them are evergreen vegetation. Mangroves are not only important for serving as bleeding and nursing ground for marine species and reducing the devastation impact of natural disasters, such as tsunamis and hurricanes (Giri et al., 2008), but they are also the socioeconomically important ecosystem, especially for inhabitants of coastal regions (Bandaranayake, 1998) who depend on them for fuel (Day et al., 1987), food, medicine, and other basic necessities (Cornejo et al., 2005). Beach forest is plant community growing along sandy shores and up to high tidal zone which is exposed to salt spray. The vegetation is found on sand dunes, sometimes on sand gravel or rock. Beach forests may be open which composed of dense grasses, shrubs and herbs. On the other hand, it may be grove or forest with
2422 J. Med. Plants Res. close canopy. Plants can tolerate salt spray (Halophytes), strong wind and drought (Rueangphanich, 2005). For Gulf of Thailand, beach forests can be found around shorelines from Chonburi to Trad province and the seacoast from Petchburi province to Malaysia border at Narathiwat province. For Andaman coast, it can be found from Ranong to Satun province. Beach forest is a crucial natural resource which is important for the ecosystem of any economy. Nowadays, Thai coastal areas have been exploited severally. The beautiful beaches have not only been used for attracting tourism, but they also play the important role on other ecosystems (Defeo et al., 2009) such as supporting several macrofauna and microfauna populations (Goncalves, 2009), serving as nursery area for juvenile fishes, nesting sites for shorebirds, bait and food organisms, as well as wave dissipation and associated buffering against extreme events (storms, tsunamis) (Defeo et al., 2009). Although mangrove and beach forests are greatly important for ecosystems and being human, mangrove areas in Thailand have rapidly decreased from 3,679,000 km 2 in 1961 to 1,686,825.6 km 2 in 1993. The major cause of this situation is conversion of mangrove forests to aquaculture especially the shrimp farming (Giri et al., 2009; Chuenpagdee, 2003). In addition, the beach areas are also lost by conversion to tourist attractions and tourist residences, that is, resorts (Chuenpagdee, 2003). Mangrove and beach forests are composed of many plant species. However, the survey of medicinal plants in mangrove and beach forests has been scattered and documented as a minor part of medicinal plant books. For example, Upho (2005) studied about ethnobotany of Buddhist and Muslim Thais in some locations in the lower part of Southern Thailand, then a few districts of Trang province located on mangrove and beach forest were included as a part of that study. The study found only 16 species of medicinal plants. In addition, Thaewchatturat (2000) studied about ethnobotany of Mogen ethnic group in Phang nga Province in which 4 species of mangrove and 27 species of beach plants were used for herbal medicine. According to previous reports, there is a small number of used plants from mangrove and beach forest, while some documents indicated that 48 mangrove and 77 beach species have been found in Southern Thailand (Working Group of academic standard for Pilot National Park, 2007) and beach forest only was found to contain 167 species in Peninsular Thailand (Laongpol et al., 2009). Recent studies on medicinal plants in mangrove and beach forests in Thailand were focused on Andaman coast, but there was no any close study in Gulf of Thailand in spite of a large number of folk healers existing (Golomb, 1988). Therefore, it is interesting to study the medicinal plants from the East coast of Thailand. In this study, we decided to survey mangrove and beach forests from Sating Phra peninsula, Songkhla province. In the past, there were the extensive areas of mangrove and beach forests in Sating Phra peninsula. However, nowadays, these forests have been decreased by destruction through various forms such as building, tourism and shrimp farming (Trisurat, 2006). Consequently, mangrove and beach plants are decreased both in species richness and abundance. Hence, it is urgent to study the utilization of medicinal plants before the disappearance of beach and mangrove forests along with losing of plant species and knowledge of ethnobotany. The objective of this study was to collect and survey the use of medicinal plants in mangrove and beach forests from the local healers established in Sating Phra peninsula, Songkhla province. MATERIALS AND METHODS Study area and local healers Sating Phra peninsula (Figure 1), located on peninsular Thailand, composes of 4 districts: Ranode, Sating Phra, Krasaesin and Singha Nakhon. It is bordered to the north by Hua Sai district, Nakhon Si Thammarat province, to the south by Mueang Songkhla district, Songkhla province, to the east by Gulf of Thailand, and to the west by Songkhla lagoon. The total area is approximately 1,228.2 km 2 . Most of local people are Buddhist. Their occupations mostly are agriculture namely, farming and fishing (Songkhla Statistical Office, 2010). A prominent landscape of this study area is sand bars lying between Gulf of Thailand and Songkhla lagoon. In this study, three districts were selected; Singha Nakhon, Sating Phra and Ranode. Studied mangrove forests were from Baan Ta Hin village in Sating Phra district, Baan Cha Lae village, Baan Bo Pab village and Baan Hua Khao village in Singha Nakhon district. Studied beach forests were from Hat Kaew beach in Singha Nakhon, Muang Ngam beach, Di Luang beach and Maharatch beach in Sating Phra district, and Bo Tru beach as well as Pak Rawa beach in Ranode district. Six local healers also were selected. Field study The field study was conducted in July 2010 to November 2010, once monthly. The semi-structured interview was used for asking the local healers about local name of medicinal plants, plant part used, how it is used and its properties. The folk healers were interviewed at their houses and also during collection of the specimens in the fields. To confirm the plant properties, one type of use was mentioned by at least 2 healers. Herbarium specimens All medicinal plants utilized by the local healers were photographed and then collected for making voucher specimens according to Chayamarit’s (1997) method. The voucher specimens were deposited at PSU Herbarium, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, and Faculty of Traditional Thai Medicine Herbarium, Prince of Songkla University. Medicinal plants identification The collected specimens were identified with the aids of relevant
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Journal of Medicinal Plants Researc
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Editors Prof. Akah Peter Achunike E
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Electronic submission of manuscript
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Fees and Charges: Authors are requi
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Table of Contents: Volume 6 Number
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Figure 1. Chuanxiong Rhizoma (http:
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Table 1. Identification of main pea
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Table 3. Pharmacokinetic parameters
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active component study, many invest
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and 1185 kg ha -1 in the first site
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Table 1. Recommendation for use fer
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Sadanandan AK, Hamza S (1996c). Stu
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and it has been traced to South Ame
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Table 3. Results of phytochemical a
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(a) (b) (c) Figure 1. (a) Normal ce
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known fatty acids and terpenoids we
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Table 1. Renal function tests of ra
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Al-Radahe et al. 2271 Figure 3.nnnn
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namely disruption of the vascular e
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Zayachkivska OS, Konturek SJ, Drozd
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β-carotene were purchased from Sig
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Figure 1. Effect of ethanol concent
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Table 3. Climatic and soil factors
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content of polysaccharides. Phospha
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Serge et al. 2285 Table 1. Relative
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Percentage inhibition % of inhibiti
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Table 1. Result of phytochemical sc
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Table 3. Result of thin layer chrom
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Table 2. MIC of a compound 1 from c
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Zirihi et al. 2301 Figure 2. Termin
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Figure 5. T. catappa Linn. (Combret
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Figure 8. A. fumigatus: Aspect of c
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Figure 12. Sensitivity of A. fumiga
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Noormi et al. 2311 Table 1. Callus
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors would l
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Figure 1. The first page of the boo
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Figure 3. The most widely included
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Figure 4. Lithographic print “St.
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Table 1. List of plants included in
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Table 1. Contd. Nedelcheva 2333 Cin
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Table 1. Contd. Nedelcheva 2335 Rhe
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14 7 1 15 1 35 17 16 Imported plant
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Academy of Science Publishing House
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et al., 1996; van Wyk and Gericke,
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DPPH inhibition (%) DPPH % inhibiti
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% Mortality Concentration (µg/ml)
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information on plants used for the
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Table 1. Levels of independent vari
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Arbutin (mg/g) Co-solvent Figure 1.
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Arbutin (mg/g) Co-solvent Figure 3.
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Arbutin (mg/g) Extraction pressure
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Table 3. Arbuitn content of Asian p
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2524 J. Med. Plants Res. ACKNOWLEDG
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UPCOMING CONFERENCES 15th European
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