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Table 2. Effects of dietary green tea by-products (GTB) on growth performances of finishing pigs. Parameter Control Antibiotic GTB-0.5% Hossain et al. 2461 GTB-1.0% GTB-2.0% Average initial weight (kg/pig) 77.20 ± 0.61 77.60 ± 0.69 77.47 ± 0.47 76.87 ± 0.71 77.07 ± 0.24 Average final weight (kg/pig) 113.33 ab ± 0.77 116.50 a ± 0.29 111.87 ab ± 2.07 112.80 ab ± 1.47 111.07 b ± 1.75 Average weight gain (kg/pig) 36.13 ab ± 1.37 38.90 a ± 0.98 34.40 ab ± 1.60 35.93 ab ± 1.29 34.00 b ± 1.51 Average feed intake (kg/pig) 131.67 b ± 8.82 47.50 ab ± 1.44 135.00 b ± 7.64 140.00 ab ± 7.69 158.20 a ± 0.92 Feed conversion ratio (feed/gain) 3.64 b ± 0.13 3.80 b ± 0.06 3.92 b ± 0.05 3.89 b ± 0.08 4.67 a ± 0.20 a,b Means with different superscripts within same row are significantly different (P < 0.05). Data are presented as the mean ± SE. anti-mouse CD8 + monoclonal antibodies for cytotoxic (CD3 + , CD8 + ) T cells (Phar Mingen, San Diego, CA, USA) for 30 min at 4°C. The lymphocytes were collected by centrifugation at 160 ×g for 5 min and rinsed three times with PBS containing 10% FBS. The washed lymphocytes were fixed with 2% paraformaldehyde, and approximately 1 × 10 4 cells were analyzed using a Coulter Epics XL Flow Cytometer (Beckman Coulter, Inc. CA, USA). Cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α) analysis Splenocytes (5 × 10 5 cells/ml) were cultured in 96-well flat-bottomed tissue culture plates in a final volume of 200 µl per well containing RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 10% (v/v) fetal calf serum, 2 mM L-glutamine, 100 units/ml penicillin and 100 μg/ml streptomycin, 1% (v/v) nonessential amino acids, and 0.05 mM 2mercaptoethanol, and stimulated with LPS (10 μg/ml) or Con A (1.0 μg/ml) for 24 h. The cell culture supernatants were collected, stored at -20°C. The cell culture supernatants were assayed f or IL-6 and TNF-α, using the Porcine IL-6 Quantikine ELISA kit (Cat. No. P6000) and Porcine TNF-α Quantikine ELISA Kit (Cat. No. PTA00) according to the manufacturer’s instructions (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA). Optical density of each well was measured within 30 min, using a microplate reader (Optimax, Molecular Devices, USA) set to 450 nm (correction wavelength set at 570 nm). Each experiment was run in duplicate and the results represent means of three repeat experiments. Statistical analysis Data were analyzed using the general linear models of SAS (2003) to estimate variance components with a completely randomized design. Duncan’s multiple comparison tests were used to examine significant differences among the treatment means. The level of significance was set at P < 0.05. Data are presented as mean values ± SE. RESULTS Growth performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality Body weight, weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio of different dietary groups are given in Table 2. The initial body weight did not differ significantly but the final body weight and body weight gain were lower (P < 0.05) in the GTB-2% group when compared to the antibiotic group. GTB-2% group exhibited a higher feed intake relative to GTB-0.5% and the control group and the FCR was also low when comparing to the other groups (P < 0.05). Different levels of GTB affect the proximate composition of loin meat (Table 3). When pigs were fed a diet containing GTB-2%, the crude fat decreased to the same level as the antibiotic group (P < 0.05). The GTB 0.5% group had a lower crude protein content, which was followed by the GTB-1% group (P < 0.05); however, higher value (GTB- 2%) was not different than the antibiotic group. Table 4 shows that the pigs in control group had a higher (P < 0.05) slaughter weight than the GTB-0.5 and 2% groups. There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in back fat thickness, carcass grade, water holding capacity and pH among the groups; however, the shear value was higher in the GTB-0.5% group relative to the other GTB groups and the heating loss was lower in the GTB-2% group when compare to the others groups (P < 0.05). No differences in meat color, juiciness and flavor were observed due to supplementation with GTB, although the tenderness was lower in GTB-0.5% group (P < 0.05). Biochemical and hematological parameters of blood and oxidative stability of meat The effects of green tea by-products on the biochemical and hematological parameters of finishing pigs are presented in Table 5. There were no significant differences in total cholesterol, glucose, total protein, albumin, globulin, albumin/globulin (A/G) ratio, BUN and hemoglobin contents of the blood when the diets contained 0.5 to 2% of GTB. Although no significant differences were observed, the cholesterol level tended to decreased (P > 0.05) with an increase in the GTB content. WBC and RBC were increased (P < 0.05) at the highest GTB concentration (2%). TBARS values for the different treatment groups at different weeks are presented in Figure 1. Significant differences (P < 0.05) were observed among treatments except fresh, 4th week and average
2462 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 3. Effects of dietary green tea by-products (GTB) on loin meat composition of finishing pigs. Parameter (%) Control Antibiotic GTB-0.5% GTB-1.0% GTB-2.0% Moisture 72.95 ± 0.62 71.45 ± 0.62 72.27 ± 1.00 72.19 ± 0.42 73.53 ± 0.44 Crude ash 1.21 ± 0.03 1.13 ± 0.02 0.93 ± 0.05 1.14 ± 0.10 0.94 ± 0.16 Crude fat 2.10 b ± 0.35 2.66 b ± 0.28 4.21 a ± 0.19 3.87 a ± 0.20 2.19 b ± 0.34 Crude protein 23.04 ab ± 0.34 23.49 a ± 0.61 21.12 c ± 0.23 22.05 bc ± 0.38 23.27 ab ± 0.54 a,b,c Means with different superscripts within same row are significantly different (P < 0.05). Data are presented as the mean ± SE. Table 4. Effects of dietary green tea by-products (GTB) on carcass characters and meat quality in finishing pigs. Parameter 1 Control Antibiotic GTB-0.5% GTB-1.0% GTB-2.0% Slaughter wt (kg/pig) 93.60 a ± 2.32 92.00 ab ± 1.73 85.17 c ± 2.85 91.33 ab ± 1.43 87.17 b ± 0.79 Back fat (mm) 19.60 ± 0.68 23.83 ± 1.08 21.83 ± 2.02 22.17 ± 1.82 21.17 ± 1.30 Carcass grade 1.80 ± 0.49 2.33 ± 0.33 2.67 ± 0.21 2.33 ± 0.42 2.6 7 ± 0.21 Shear value (kg) 3.14 ab ± 0.12 3.14 ab ± 0.10 3.38 a ± 0.19 2.97 b ± 0.05 2.86 b ± 0.07 Heating loss (%) 33.50 a ± 0.66 34.25 a ± 0.52 32.58 a ± 0.75 32.55 a ± 0.26 30.74 b ± 0.37 WHC (%) 57.34 ± 0.82 57.29 ± 0.16 56.83 ± 1.03 56.96 ± 0.55 57.91 ± 0.60 pH 5.78 ± 0.09 5.61 ± 0.01 5.66 ± 0.04 5.64 ± 0.05 5.64 ± 0.07 Meat color CIE L 51.54±1.10 54.24 ± 0.76 52.69 ± 3.18 54.55 ± 1.23 5 0.43 ± 1.81 CIE a 9.62 ± 0.54 9.98 ± 0.51 9.40 ± 1.19 9.32 ± 0.33 9.3 0 ± 0.35 CIE b 5.62 ± 0.68 6.47 ± 0.66 5.58 ± 0.94 6.50 ± 0.30 5.6 5 ± 0.90 Juiciness 3.73 ± 0.23 4.00 ± 0.12 3.80 ± 0.35 4.35 ± 0.22 4.08 ± 0.05 Tenderness 4.38 a ± 0.15 4.28 ab ± 0.17 3.70 b ± 0.34 4.35 a ± 0.05 4.48 a ± 0.13 Flavor 4.20 ± 0.12 4.05 ± 0.10 4.28 ± 0.18 4.25 ± 0 .17 4.35 ± 0.05 a,b,c Means with different superscripts within same row are significantly different (P < 0.05). Data are presented as the mean ± SE. 1 The carcass grades were assessed on three points: 3, extremely good; 2, good; and 1, bad. WHC = water holding capacity; CIE = international commission on illumination; L = lightness; a = redness; b = yellowness. values. These results demonstrated the consistency in the decrease of these values when higher levels of GTB were added. The antibiotic supplemented group showed a higher TBARS content in the 2nd week, whereas the TBARS content was higher in the control group during the 1st and 3rd week. Spleen cells growth and cytokines production Table 6 shows the immunity of spleen cells obtained from finishing pigs. When higher levels (1 to 2%) of GTB were added to the diet, the spleen weight was lower than the control group (P < 0.05). Production of helper and cytotoxic T cells among the dietary groups were not significant (P > 0.05), although higher values were seen in the GTB-0.5% and 1% group. As the dose of Con A and LPS increased, cytokine secretion from spleen cells increased. In both media, supplemented groups showed a higher value compare to the control group (P < 0.05). IL-6 and TNF-α production from spleen cells stimulated by LPS and Con A were positively influenced by dietary levels of GTB (Figure 2). When stimulated with 1.0 μg/ml Con A, IL-6 production was significantly increased in the GTB-1% group relative to the antibiotic and control group (P < 0.05), while IL-6 production by spleen cells with LPS (10.0 μg/ml) was higher in the GTB-2% group when compared to the GTB-0.5% and control group (P < 0.05). Data obtained from this experiment showed that TNF-α production from spleen cells treated with 1.0 μg/ml Con A and 10.0 μg/ml LPS were significantly higher for the GTB- 1% and GTB-0.5% group, respectively, when compare to the antibiotic and control group (P < 0.05). DISCUSSION Body weights are commonly used for monitoring the nutritional status and growth of animals (Ndlovu et al., 2007). The different levels of green tea-by products in the experimental diets affected weight gain of the pigs. This result was supported by Yang et al. (2003) and Sayama
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Journal of Medicinal Plants Researc
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Editors Prof. Akah Peter Achunike E
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Electronic submission of manuscript
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Fees and Charges: Authors are requi
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Table of Contents: Volume 6 Number
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Figure 1. Chuanxiong Rhizoma (http:
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Table 1. Identification of main pea
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Table 3. Pharmacokinetic parameters
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active component study, many invest
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and 1185 kg ha -1 in the first site
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Table 1. Recommendation for use fer
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Sadanandan AK, Hamza S (1996c). Stu
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and it has been traced to South Ame
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Table 3. Results of phytochemical a
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(a) (b) (c) Figure 1. (a) Normal ce
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emedies in the south of Brazil. J.
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known fatty acids and terpenoids we
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Table 1. Renal function tests of ra
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Al-Radahe et al. 2271 Figure 3.nnnn
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namely disruption of the vascular e
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Zayachkivska OS, Konturek SJ, Drozd
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β-carotene were purchased from Sig
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Figure 1. Effect of ethanol concent
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Table 3. Climatic and soil factors
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content of polysaccharides. Phospha
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Serge et al. 2285 Table 1. Relative
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Percentage inhibition % of inhibiti
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Table 1. Result of phytochemical sc
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Table 3. Result of thin layer chrom
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Table 2. MIC of a compound 1 from c
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Zirihi et al. 2301 Figure 2. Termin
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Figure 5. T. catappa Linn. (Combret
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Figure 8. A. fumigatus: Aspect of c
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Figure 12. Sensitivity of A. fumiga
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Noormi et al. 2311 Table 1. Callus
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Table 2. Contd. NoC=No callus. 4.0
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Figure 2. Contd. at 2.0 mg/L yellow
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Table 1. Biochemical parameters in
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Figure 3. Bcl-xL reactions in inter
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors would l
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Figure 1. The first page of the boo
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Figure 3. The most widely included
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Figure 4. Lithographic print “St.
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Table 1. List of plants included in
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Table 1. Contd. Nedelcheva 2333 Cin
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Table 1. Contd. Nedelcheva 2335 Rhe
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14 7 1 15 1 35 17 16 Imported plant
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Academy of Science Publishing House
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et al., 1996; van Wyk and Gericke,
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DPPH inhibition (%) DPPH % inhibiti
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% Mortality Concentration (µg/ml)
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information on plants used for the
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Table 1. Levels of independent vari
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Arbutin (mg/g) Co-solvent Figure 1.
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Arbutin (mg/g) Extraction pressure
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Table 3. Arbuitn content of Asian p
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Arbutin (mg/g) Extraction pressure
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Arbutin (mg/g) Extraction temperatu
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Table 1. Chemical composition of es
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Darjazi 2369 Table 2. Statistical a
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Table 3. Correlation matrix (number
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Table 1. Precision test. extraction
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Figure 2. Effect of different alcoh
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Table 6. Results of ANOVA. Nie et a
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Table 2. Plant data and MIC values
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exhibiting the polar extracts of P.
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Table 3. Contd. AcOEt ++ ++ ++ - Me
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Figure 1. Map of Ladakh region of I
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Warghat et al. 2391 Table 3. Summar
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Table 5. Inter-Population genetic i
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Excoffier L, Smouse PE, Quattro JM
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ice residue is an ideal raw materia
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UPCOMING CONFERENCES 15th European
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