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Figure 1. Pigmented callus initiation from stem explants on MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mgL -1 (2,4-D) and 2.0 mgL -1 (TDZ) after 8 weeks of culture. Table 1. Effect of 2,4-D and TDZ on pigmented callus formation from stem explants of Z. decandra on MS medium. Radfar et al. 2445 Growth regulator (mg/L) 2,4-D TDZ Nature of callus Intensity of pigmented callus formation 0.5 0.5 Pink, creamy, compact + 1.0 1.0 Pink, creamy, compact + 0.5 1.5 Red, fragile + 1.0 2.0 Dark red, soft +++ Intensity of pigmented callus: + (low), ++ (moderate), +++ (high). noted that some authors have attributed the high antioxidant activity of crude betalain-containing extract to their high concentration of flavonoids (Lee et al., 2002). Betalains reportedly have diverse, desirable activities (Lila, 2004), including anti-inflammatory (Lee et al., 2006) hepatoprotective (Galati et al., 2005) and cancer chemopreventative activities (Kapadia et al., 1996). Recently it has been reported (Sreekanth et al., 2007) that betanin induces apoptosis in human chronic mylloid leucemia cells. Hence, betalains are likely to be highly suitable in natural colorants for preparing healthy foods and their consumption is likely to increase. Plant cell and tissue cultures are attractive alternative sources of bioactive plant substances, including betalain pigments (Ramachandra and Ravishankar, 2002). The biotechnological production of food colorants using plant in vitro cultures offers several advantages over the conventional cultivation of whole plants, notably the ability to maintain aseptic, controlled conditions (Vanisree et al., 2004). Various factors affecting plant cell culture, such as concentration of essential nutrients, stress factors, light, incubation period and concentration of growth regulators, were found to be important determinants of secondary metabolite production. The results obtained from the growth of Z. decandra callus culture, biosynthesis of betalains and the uptake of the main nutrients showed that it was distinguished by certain physiological peculiarities, which is related to the biosynthesis of betalains. Betalains exhibit anti cancer activity and antioxidant properties (Gentile et al., 2004). Conclusion In vitro propagation of medicinal plants with enriched bioactive principles and cell culture methodologies for selective metabolite production is found to be highly useful for commercial production of medicinally important compounds. The increased use of plant cell culture systems in recent years is perhaps due to an improved understanding of the secondary metabolite pathway in
2446 J. Med. Plants Res. Figure 2. Pigmentation in subcultured callus on MS medium supplemented with BAP (1.0 mgL -1 ) and CM (20%), after 8 weeks of subculture. Table 2. Effect of subcultured pigmented callus on MS medium supplemented with different growth regulators and an adjuvant. Growth regulators (mg/L) BAP IBA Kn Adjuvant CW (%) Intensity of pigmentation on subcultured callus 0.5 - - 15 + 1.0 - - 20 +++ 1.5 - - 40 ++ 2.0 - - 60 + - 0.5 0.5 15 ++ - 0.5 1.0 30 +++ - 0.5 1.5 45 ++ - 0.5 2.0 60 + Intensity of pigmentation = + (low), ++ (moderate), +++ (high). economically important plants. Advances in plant cell cultures could provide new means for the cost-effective, commercial production of even rare or exotic plants, their cells, and the chemicals that they will produce. Therefore in vitro system can be noticed as a suitable method for the production of betalains pigment. Further confirmation with liquid chromatography- mass spectrometry (LCMS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) are recommended for betalains. REFERENCES Benson LD, Laudermilk JD (1957). Plant classification. Health Boston, pp. 342-358. Cai Y, Sun M, Corke H (2003). Antioxidant activity of betalains from plants in the Amaranthaceae. J. Agric. Food Chem., 51: 2288- 2294. Galati EM, Mondello MR, Lauriano ER, Taviano MF, Galluzzo M, Miceli N (2005). Antioxidant betalains from cactus pear (Opuntia ficus-indica) inhibit endothelial ICAM-1 expression. Phytother. Res., 19: 796-800. Gentile C, Tesoriere L, Allegra M, Livrea M A, D'Alessio P (2004). Antibacterial activity and phytochemical screening of ethanolic extracts obtained from selected Sudanese medicinal plants. Ann. New York Acad. Sci., 1028: 481-486. Hashim H, Kamali EL, Mohammed Y (2010). Antibacterial activity and phytochemical screening of ethanolic extracts obtained from selected sudanese medicinal plants. Current Res. J. Biol. Sci., 2(2): 143-146. Ilieva M, Pavlov A (1997). Rosmarinic acid production by Lavandula
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Journal of Medicinal Plants Researc
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Editors Prof. Akah Peter Achunike E
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Electronic submission of manuscript
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Fees and Charges: Authors are requi
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Table of Contents: Volume 6 Number
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Figure 1. Chuanxiong Rhizoma (http:
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Table 1. Identification of main pea
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Table 3. Pharmacokinetic parameters
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active component study, many invest
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and 1185 kg ha -1 in the first site
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Table 1. Recommendation for use fer
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Sadanandan AK, Hamza S (1996c). Stu
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and it has been traced to South Ame
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Table 3. Results of phytochemical a
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(a) (b) (c) Figure 1. (a) Normal ce
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emedies in the south of Brazil. J.
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known fatty acids and terpenoids we
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Table 1. Renal function tests of ra
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Al-Radahe et al. 2271 Figure 3.nnnn
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namely disruption of the vascular e
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Zayachkivska OS, Konturek SJ, Drozd
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β-carotene were purchased from Sig
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Figure 1. Effect of ethanol concent
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Table 3. Climatic and soil factors
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content of polysaccharides. Phospha
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Serge et al. 2285 Table 1. Relative
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Percentage inhibition % of inhibiti
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Table 1. Result of phytochemical sc
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Table 3. Result of thin layer chrom
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Table 2. MIC of a compound 1 from c
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Zirihi et al. 2301 Figure 2. Termin
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Figure 5. T. catappa Linn. (Combret
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Figure 8. A. fumigatus: Aspect of c
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Figure 12. Sensitivity of A. fumiga
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Noormi et al. 2311 Table 1. Callus
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Table 2. Contd. NoC=No callus. 4.0
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Figure 2. Contd. at 2.0 mg/L yellow
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Table 1. Biochemical parameters in
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Figure 3. Bcl-xL reactions in inter
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors would l
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Figure 1. The first page of the boo
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Figure 3. The most widely included
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Figure 4. Lithographic print “St.
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Table 1. List of plants included in
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Table 1. Contd. Nedelcheva 2333 Cin
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Table 1. Contd. Nedelcheva 2335 Rhe
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14 7 1 15 1 35 17 16 Imported plant
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Academy of Science Publishing House
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et al., 1996; van Wyk and Gericke,
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DPPH inhibition (%) DPPH % inhibiti
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% Mortality Concentration (µg/ml)
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information on plants used for the
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Table 1. Levels of independent vari
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Arbutin (mg/g) Co-solvent Figure 1.
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Arbutin (mg/g) Extraction pressure
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Table 3. Arbuitn content of Asian p
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Arbutin (mg/g) Extraction pressure
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Arbutin (mg/g) Extraction temperatu
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Table 1. Chemical composition of es
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Darjazi 2369 Table 2. Statistical a
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Table 3. Correlation matrix (number
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Table 1. Precision test. extraction
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Figure 2. Effect of different alcoh
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Table 6. Results of ANOVA. Nie et a
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2496 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 2. S
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2500 J. Med. Plants Res. Flowering
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2524 J. Med. Plants Res. ACKNOWLEDG
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UPCOMING CONFERENCES 15th European
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