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2370 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 2 cont. 5 β-myrcene 2.65 0.53 3.84 0.05 2.06 0.02 F** 6 α -phellandrene 0.24 0.01 0.43 0.05 0.04 0.006 7 α-terpinene 0.00 0.00 1.04 0.04 0.007 0.00 8 P-cymene 0.00 0.00 0. 30 0.02 0.00 0.00 9 limonene 7.46 0.35 3.20 0.03 87.45 0.49 F** 10 (Z)- β -ocimene 0.23 0.01 0.29 0.01 0.00 0.00 11 (E)- β -ocimene 1.34 0.24 7.44 0.02 0.30 0.02 F** 12 γ - terpinene 0.55 0.14 1.29 0.007 5.10 0.20 F** 13 (E) Sabinene hydrate 0.41 0.03 0.60 0.006 0.00 0.00 14 (Z)-linalool oxide 0.02 0.006 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 15 α-terpinolene 0.29 0.03 1.10 0.01 0. 20 0.00 16 Trans-limonene oxide 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.006 Total 51.87 2.97 62.48 0.56 95.62 0.77 Sesquiterpenes 1 δ-elemene 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 2 β-elemene 0.53 0.06 0.33 0.02 0.04 0.005 3 (Z)- β-caryophyllene 0.64 0.03 0.51 0.03 0.00 0.00 4 γ -elemene 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 5 (Z)- β-farnesene 0.00 0.00 0.23 0.05 0.00 0.00 6 δ -guaiene 0.07 0.009 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7 allo aromadendrene 0.03 0.006 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8 Germacrene D 0.09 0.001 0.01 0.00 0.17 0.01 9 E,E- α-farnesene 0.36 0.06 0.50 0.05 0.10 0.005 10 δ -cadinene 0.00 0.00 0.007 0.00 0.007 0.00 11 Caryophyllene oxide 0.29 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Total 2.01 0.26 1.60 0.15 0.31 0.02 Total oxygenated compounds 43.22 2.55 33.26 0.36 1.07 0.04 Total 97.10 5.78 97.34 1.07 97 0.83 flower had the highest sesquiterpenes content (Table 2). Result of correlation Correlations of the main components were evaluated with Pearson correlation analysis. Simple intercorrellations between 8 components are presented in a correlation matrix (Table 3). The highest positive values or r (correlation coefficient) were between [sabinene and terpinene-4-ol (1.00%)]; [sabinene and linalool (99%)]; [terpinene-4-ol and linalool (98%)]. The highest significant negative correlations were between [limonene and linalool (99%)]; [limonene and terpinene-4-ol (99%)]; [limonene and sabinene (99%)]; [γ- terpinene and linalool (99%)]. When 8 components were cluster analyzed, there was clustering of only 3 components into 2 two-compound factors above the 98% level of function. These 2 factors resulted from the clustering of highly positively interrelated compounds such as [sabinene and terpinene-4-ol (1.00%)]; [sabinene and linalool (99%)] (Table 3). Statistical analysis Differences for main components among organs were analyzed by performing separate one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The Duncan’s Multiple Range test was used to separate the significant organs. Of the 8 individual oil components analyzed, all showed statistically significant differences due to the influence of individual organs. These differences on the 1% level occurred in linalool, terpinene-4-ol, -pinene, sabinene, -myrcene, limonene, (E)-β- ocimene and γ- terpinene (Table 2). DISCUSSION Observations were made that changing organ has an effect on some of the components of tangerine oil accord with other observations (Babazadeh Darjazi, 2011 b;
Table 3. Correlation matrix (numbers in this table correspond with main components mentioned in Table 2). Terpinene-4-ol α-pinene Sabinene β-myrcene Limonene (E)- β -ocimene γ – terpinene Darjazi 2371 Linalool 0.98** Terpinene-4-ol α-pinene Sabinene β-myrcene Limonene (E)- β -ocimene γ - terpinene 0.68* 0.76* 0.99** 1.00** 0.76* 0.69* 0.73* 0.90** 0.74* -0.99** -0.99** -0.75* -0.99** -0.74* 0.57 0.65 0.97** 0.65 0.93** -0.64 -0.99** -0.97** -0.60 -0.97** -0.62 0.97** -0.48 *=significant at 0.05. **=significant at 0.01. Salem, 2003; Asgarpanah, 2002; Lota et al., 2000). The compositions of C. nobilis Lour obtained from flower, leaf and peel were very similar. However, relative concentration of compounds differed according to type of materials. Compared with peel, the flower improved and increased alcohol components about 56 times for C. nobilis Lour. The amount of alcohol components obtained from peel were low probably because of decrease in endogenous enzymes activity [isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase (IPI) and geranylpyrophosphate synthase (GPS) (Hay and Waterman, 1995) resulting in decreased of labile compounds. Also the lower proportion of the detected alcohol components in peel was probably due to seasonal temperature (Sekiya et al., 1984) that it is the most important environmental factor in the control of endogenous enzymes. According to our results, it appears that the relative percentages of the identified compounds depend on the plant part studied. However, it should be kept in mind that the isolation method has an effect on some of the components of oil (Babazadeh Darjazi, 2011c). The pronounced enhancement in the amount of oxygenated compounds, when flower was used as the organ, showed that either the synthesis of geranyl pyrophosphate (GPP) is enhanced or activities of both enzymes (IPI and GPS) increased (Hay and Waterman, 1995). High positive correlations between two terpens such as (sabinene and terpinene-4-ol (1.00%)); (sabinene and linalool (99%)); [terpinene-4-ol and linalool (98%)) suggest a genetic control (Scora et al., 1976). Whether such dependence between two terpenes is due to their derivation of one from another is not known. Similarly, high negative correlations observed between (limonene and linalool (99%)); (limonene and terpinene-4-ol (99%)); (limonene and sabinene (99%)); (γ- terpinene and linalool (99%)) suggest that one of the two compounds is being synthesized at the expense of the other or of its precursor. Non-significant negative and positive correlations can imply genetic and /or biosynthetic independence. However, without a thorough knowledge of the biosynthetic pathway leading to each terpenoid compound, the true significance of these observed correlations is not clear. Conclusion In the present study we found that the percent of flavor compounds was significantly affected by organ. The essential oil obtained from flower contained more oxygenated compounds and fewer monoterpene components than those isolated from leaf and peel. It is easy to observe the significant variations among flower and other organs, mainly in terms of the quantities of oxygenated compounds. The essential oils and their aroma compounds are very important and widely used in hygienic products, aromatherapy, pharmacy, food industries, cosmetics and other areas. Therefore, many studies, such as this study is very crucial in order to identify what type of chemical constituents existing in the materials that we want to use, before the essential oil can be utilized in those industries. Further research on the relationship between organ and essential oil (oxygenated terpenes) is necessary. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author would like to express his gratitude to Z.Kadkhoda from Institute of Medicinal Plants located at Supa blvd-Km 55 of Tehran – Qazvin (Iran) for her help in GC-MS and GC analysis. REFERENCES Adams RP (2001). Identification of essential oil components by gas chromatography / mass spectrometry. Allured Publishing Corporation, Carol Stream, IL. Alissandrakis E, Daferera D, Tarantilis PA, Polissiou M, Harizanis PC (2003). Ultrasound assisted extraction of volatile compounds from citrus flowers and citrus honey. Food. Chem., 82: 575-582. Alistair LW, Yinrong LU, Seng-To Tan (1993). Extractives from New Zealand honey 4.linalool derivatives and other components from nodding thistle (Corduus nutans) honey. J.Agric.Food.Chem., 41(6): 873-878. Andrews ES, Theis N, Alder LS (2007). Pollinator and herbivore attraction to cucurbita floral volatiles. J. Chem. Ecol., 33: 1682-1691.
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Journal of Medicinal Plants Researc
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Editors Prof. Akah Peter Achunike E
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Electronic submission of manuscript
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Fees and Charges: Authors are requi
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Table of Contents: Volume 6 Number
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Figure 1. Chuanxiong Rhizoma (http:
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Table 1. Identification of main pea
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Table 3. Pharmacokinetic parameters
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active component study, many invest
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and 1185 kg ha -1 in the first site
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Table 1. Recommendation for use fer
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Sadanandan AK, Hamza S (1996c). Stu
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and it has been traced to South Ame
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Table 3. Results of phytochemical a
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(a) (b) (c) Figure 1. (a) Normal ce
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emedies in the south of Brazil. J.
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known fatty acids and terpenoids we
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Table 1. Renal function tests of ra
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Al-Radahe et al. 2271 Figure 3.nnnn
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namely disruption of the vascular e
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Zayachkivska OS, Konturek SJ, Drozd
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β-carotene were purchased from Sig
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Figure 1. Effect of ethanol concent
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Table 3. Climatic and soil factors
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content of polysaccharides. Phospha
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Serge et al. 2285 Table 1. Relative
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Percentage inhibition % of inhibiti
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Table 1. Result of phytochemical sc
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Table 3. Result of thin layer chrom
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Table 2. MIC of a compound 1 from c
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Zirihi et al. 2301 Figure 2. Termin
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Figure 5. T. catappa Linn. (Combret
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Figure 8. A. fumigatus: Aspect of c
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Figure 12. Sensitivity of A. fumiga
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Noormi et al. 2311 Table 1. Callus
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Table 2. Contd. NoC=No callus. 4.0
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Figure 2. Contd. at 2.0 mg/L yellow
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Page 105 and 106: Table 1. List of plants included in
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Page 123 and 124: Table 1. Levels of independent vari
Page 125 and 126: Arbutin (mg/g) Co-solvent Figure 1.
Page 129 and 130: Arbutin (mg/g) Extraction pressure
Page 131 and 132: Table 3. Arbuitn content of Asian p
Page 135 and 136: Arbutin (mg/g) Extraction pressure
Page 137 and 138: Arbutin (mg/g) Extraction temperatu
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Page 141 and 142: Table 1. Chemical composition of es
Page 143: Darjazi 2369 Table 2. Statistical a
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Page 153 and 154: Table 6. Results of ANOVA. Nie et a
Page 157 and 158: Table 2. Plant data and MIC values
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Page 161 and 162: Table 3. Contd. AcOEt ++ ++ ++ - Me
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Page 165 and 166: Warghat et al. 2391 Table 3. Summar
Page 167 and 168: Table 5. Inter-Population genetic i
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Page 171 and 172: ice residue is an ideal raw materia
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2432 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 2. D
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2436 J. Med. Plants Res. budget dur
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2440 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 1. R
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2442 J. Med. Plants Res. Stability
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2444 J. Med. Plants Res. production
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2446 J. Med. Plants Res. Figure 2.
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2450 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 2. A
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2452 J. Med. Plants Res. Ghasemi Pi
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2454 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 1. I
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2460 J. Med. Plants Res. Department
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2466 J. Med. Plants Res. AOAC (2000
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2484 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 3. C
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2486 J. Med. Plants Res. components
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2490 J. Med. Plants Res. Inhibition
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2494 J. Med. Plants Res. can increa
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2500 J. Med. Plants Res. Flowering
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2502 J. Med. Plants Res. harvest in
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2524 J. Med. Plants Res. ACKNOWLEDG
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UPCOMING CONFERENCES 15th European
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