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2308 J. Med. Plants Res. Ajello L, Georg LK, Kaplan W, Kaufman L (1963). Laboratory manual for medical mycology, 2nd. Ed., John Wiley. and sons, Inc. New- York, pp. 20-35. Baba-Moussa F (1999). Research on the antifungal properties of plants used in traditional medicine in Benin and Togo. PhD. Thesis Pharm. Univ. Reims, 208: 157. Baba-Moussa F, Akpagana K, Bouchet P (1999). Antifungal activities of seven West African Combretaceae used in traditional medicine. J. Ethnopharmacol., 66: 335-338. Batawila K, Kokou K, Koumaglo K, Gbeassor M, DE Foucault B (2005). Antifungal activities of five Combretaceae used in Togolese traditional medicine. Fitoterapia, 76: 264-268. Chevalier A (1948). Biogeography of the dense rainforest of Ivory Coast. Rev. Bot. Appl. Agric. Trop., 28: 305-306, 101-115. Coulibaly K (2006). Evaluation of the antifungal activity of extracts of bark of commercial species, category P1 the forest of Mopri, Tiassalé (Southern Ivory Coast).Memory Master in Tropical Ecology, Plant Option, University of Cocody-Abidjan, Dept. Biosci., pp. 23-25. Guédé-Guina F, Kra MKA, Bonga M, De Souza C (1995). Antimicrobial activity of a plant extract against the opportunistic pathogens in AIDS. Rev. Med. Pharm. Afr., 9(1): 13-19. Holt R (1975). Laboratory test of antifungal drug. J. Clin. Pathol., 18: 767-774. N’Guessan K (1995). Contribution to the ethnobotanical study in Krobou countries (Republic of Ivory Coast). PhD Thesis of 3rd cycle, FAST, Laboratory of Botany, Natl. Univ. Ivory Coast, pp. 180-182. N’Guessan K (2008). Medicinal plants and traditional medical practices among the peoples and Abbey Krobou Department Agboville (Ivory Coast). PhD Thesis State in Natural Sciences, Department Biosciences, Lab. Bot, Univ. Cocody-Abidjan, 27- 56. Ouattara S (2005). Spectrum anti-infective MISC-F2 on in vitro growth of Candida albicans, Cryptococcusneoformans, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillusflavus, Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Master of Biotechnology and Plant Production Improvement, Option Pharmacology of Natural Substances, University of Cocody-Abidjan, Dept. Biosci., Côte d'Ivoire, pp. 20- 23. Zirihi GN (1991). Contribution to the census, identification and knowledge of several plant species in traditional medicine in cattle Department Issia.PhD thesis of third cycle, F.A.S.T, Natl. Univ. Cote d'Ivoire, pp. 76-78. Zirihi GN, Kra AKM (2003). Evaluation of the antifungal activity ofmicroglossia pyrifolia (Lam.) O. Ktze(Asteraceae) PYMI''''on the in vitro growth ofCandida albicans. Rev. med. Pharm. Afr., 17 : 1-19.
Journal of Medicinal Plants Research Vol. 6(12), pp. 2309 -2316, 30 March, 2012 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/JMPR DOI: 10.5897/JMPR11.739 ISSN 1996-0875 ©2012 <strong>Academic</strong> <strong>Journals</strong> Full Length Research Paper Optimization of callus induction medium for Hymenocallis littoralis (Melong kecil) using root and bulb explants Rosli Noormi 1,3 , Vikneswaran Murugaiyah 2 and Sreeramanan Subramaniam 1 * 1 School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia. 2 School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia. 3 Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Negeri Sembilan Branch, Kuala Pilah Campus, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. Accepted 1 March, 2012 Callus was initiated using bulb and root explants of Hymenocallis littoralis on the Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal media supplemented with various auxins, namely 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), dicamba, picloram, napthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) at various concentrations. Degree of callus formation based on weight was found highest (+++++) in NAA treatment at 2.0 mg/L (93.33%). Dicamba produced the lowest (+) number of callus formation at 3.0 mg/L (13.33%). In terms of physical appearance, callus induced from NAA at 2.0 mg/L produced white yellowish and globular callus and Dicamba at 3.0 mg/L produced white and hard callus. Callus induction from bulb is possible except with IAA. Bulb explants grown on 2.0 mg/L 2,4-D and Dicamba formed callus after 11 days, followed by 3.0 mg/L picloram, as well but only 9 days for 2.0 mg/L NAA. Degree of callus formation was found to be the highest (+++++) in 2,4-D at 2.0 mg/L (93.33%). Picloram and NAA produced the lowest (++) callus formation at 3.0 and 2.0 mg/L (40.0% each). In terms of physical appearance, callus induced from 2, 4-D at 2.0 mg/L showed yellowish, and soft globular callus. Picloram at 3.0 mg/L produced white yellowish and soft callus; meanwhile, NAA at 3.0 mg/L produced small callus appearance of white and yellowish colour. The callus induction protocol developed in this study provides a fundamental investigation of bioactive constituents from the H. littoralis medicinal plant. Key words: Hymenocallis littoralis plants, callus induction, auxins, bulb explants, root explants. INTRODUCTION Plants are a valuable source of a vast array of chemical compounds, and they synthesize and accumulate extractable organic substances in quantities sufficient to be economically useful as raw materials for various commercial applications (Rashida and Rabia, 2007). Plant cell and tissue cultures provide an alternative approach to plants which are difficult to cultivate, or has a long cultivation period, or has a low yield, product yield by cell culture may significantly produce a higher yield than those obtained from the parents (Hippolyte et al., 1992; *Corresponding author. E-mail: sreeramanan@gmail.com. Tel: +06-046533528. Fax: +06-046565125. Zhong et al., 1994). Plant cell cultures are generally more desirable than a solid medium because of higher growth rates resulting from high medium to tissue contact (Rashida and Rabia, 2007). However, plant cell cultures have been used for producing valuable biochemicals, such as drugs, flavourings, pesticides and fragrances (Nagamori et al., 2001). Cultured plant cells and tissues are widely recognized as promising alternatives for the production of valuable secondary metabolites (Wu et al., 2003; Rosli et al., 2009; Maziah et al., 2010). Hymenocallis littoralis (Melong kecil) commonly known as ‘spider lily’ is a bulbous, herbaceous plant from the family of Amaryllidaceae (Rafael and Michael, 2009). The plant is distributed by the sea and in swamps in tropical, subtropical, and temperate regions throughout the world
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Journal of Medicinal Plants Researc
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Editors Prof. Akah Peter Achunike E
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Electronic submission of manuscript
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Fees and Charges: Authors are requi
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Table of Contents: Volume 6 Number
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Figure 1. Chuanxiong Rhizoma (http:
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Table 1. Identification of main pea
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Table 3. Pharmacokinetic parameters
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active component study, many invest
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and 1185 kg ha -1 in the first site
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Table 1. Recommendation for use fer
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Sadanandan AK, Hamza S (1996c). Stu
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Page 33 and 34: Table 3. Results of phytochemical a
Page 35 and 36: Journal of Medicinal Plants Researc
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Page 39 and 40: emedies in the south of Brazil. J.
Page 41 and 42: known fatty acids and terpenoids we
Page 43 and 44: Table 1. Renal function tests of ra
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Page 47 and 48: namely disruption of the vascular e
Page 49 and 50: Zayachkivska OS, Konturek SJ, Drozd
Page 51 and 52: β-carotene were purchased from Sig
Page 53 and 54: Figure 1. Effect of ethanol concent
Page 55 and 56: Table 3. Climatic and soil factors
Page 57 and 58: content of polysaccharides. Phospha
Page 59 and 60: Serge et al. 2285 Table 1. Relative
Page 61 and 62: Percentage inhibition % of inhibiti
Page 65 and 66: Table 1. Result of phytochemical sc
Page 67 and 68: Table 3. Result of thin layer chrom
Page 71 and 72: Table 2. MIC of a compound 1 from c
Page 75 and 76: Zirihi et al. 2301 Figure 2. Termin
Page 77 and 78: Figure 5. T. catappa Linn. (Combret
Page 79 and 80: Figure 8. A. fumigatus: Aspect of c
Page 81: Figure 12. Sensitivity of A. fumiga
Page 85 and 86: Noormi et al. 2311 Table 1. Callus
Page 87 and 88: Table 2. Contd. NoC=No callus. 4.0
Page 89 and 90: Figure 2. Contd. at 2.0 mg/L yellow
Page 93 and 94: Table 1. Biochemical parameters in
Page 95 and 96: Figure 3. Bcl-xL reactions in inter
Page 97 and 98: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors would l
Page 99 and 100: Figure 1. The first page of the boo
Page 101 and 102: Figure 3. The most widely included
Page 103 and 104: Figure 4. Lithographic print “St.
Page 105 and 106: Table 1. List of plants included in
Page 107 and 108: Table 1. Contd. Nedelcheva 2333 Cin
Page 109 and 110: Table 1. Contd. Nedelcheva 2335 Rhe
Page 111 and 112: 14 7 1 15 1 35 17 16 Imported plant
Page 113 and 114: Academy of Science Publishing House
Page 115 and 116: et al., 1996; van Wyk and Gericke,
Page 117 and 118: DPPH inhibition (%) DPPH % inhibiti
Page 119 and 120: % Mortality Concentration (µg/ml)
Page 121 and 122: information on plants used for the
Page 123 and 124: Table 1. Levels of independent vari
Page 125 and 126: Arbutin (mg/g) Co-solvent Figure 1.
Page 127 and 128: Arbutin (mg/g) Co-solvent Figure 3.
Page 129 and 130: Arbutin (mg/g) Extraction pressure
Page 131 and 132: Table 3. Arbuitn content of Asian p
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Arbutin (mg/g) Co-solvent Figure 8.
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Arbutin (mg/g) Extraction pressure
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Arbutin (mg/g) Extraction temperatu
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Table 1. Chemical composition of es
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Darjazi 2369 Table 2. Statistical a
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Table 3. Correlation matrix (number
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Table 1. Precision test. extraction
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Figure 2. Effect of different alcoh
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Table 6. Results of ANOVA. Nie et a
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Table 2. Plant data and MIC values
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exhibiting the polar extracts of P.
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Table 3. Contd. AcOEt ++ ++ ++ - Me
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Figure 1. Map of Ladakh region of I
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Warghat et al. 2391 Table 3. Summar
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Table 5. Inter-Population genetic i
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Excoffier L, Smouse PE, Quattro JM
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ice residue is an ideal raw materia
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DPPH• scavenging ratio(%) OD valu
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scavenging effect on free radical a
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our new CL system. Fenton reaction
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1 2 Time (s) Figure 2. Kinetic curv
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Wong et al., 2006). It can be seen
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Pan YM, Liang Y, Wang HS, Liang M (
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2422 J. Med. Plants Res. close cano
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2424 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 1. M
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2426 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 1. C
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2432 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 2. D
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2434 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 6. T
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2436 J. Med. Plants Res. budget dur
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2440 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 1. R
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2442 J. Med. Plants Res. Stability
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2444 J. Med. Plants Res. production
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2446 J. Med. Plants Res. Figure 2.
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2450 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 2. A
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2452 J. Med. Plants Res. Ghasemi Pi
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2454 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 1. I
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2456 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 3. M
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2460 J. Med. Plants Res. Department
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2462 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 3. E
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2466 J. Med. Plants Res. AOAC (2000
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2470 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 1. F
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2472 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 3. S
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2480 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 1. W
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2486 J. Med. Plants Res. components
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2490 J. Med. Plants Res. Inhibition
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2494 J. Med. Plants Res. can increa
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2500 J. Med. Plants Res. Flowering
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2502 J. Med. Plants Res. harvest in
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2524 J. Med. Plants Res. ACKNOWLEDG
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UPCOMING CONFERENCES 15th European
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