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Juice was gathered from extraction of any plant parts. It might be from squeezing or damaging materials to get watery sap or latex. The method of bath entails placing plant parts in hot water or parboiling them. This method was performed with plant parts which were eaten as parboiled vegetables. Oil was made by extraction method, while dessert was prepared by putting plant parts in syrup. Herbal administration Local drugs were administered through 6 routes (Table 5): Oral, topical, inhalation, sauna, steam bath and bath. Oral administration was the most frequently used route with 99 plant species (71.22%), followed by topical administration with 34 species (24.46%) and bath with 3 species (2.16%), respectively. It showed that some plants could be administered with more than one routes. Pouzolzia pentandra (Roxb.) Benn. was an example that its decoction of whole plant was oral administered as fever relieving, while that decoction was also topical administered by keeping it in mouth to cure toothache. Administration by oral route is in agreement with many previous studies in various tribes around the world (Coe and Anderson, 1996; Kamatenesi et al., 2011; Collins et al., 2007). DISCUSSION The most common disease From the study, it showed that the symptom or disease that local healers knew many plants for curing were pyrexia or fever. This is related to the report of Ministry of Health Thailand (2010) which indicated that pyrexia of unknown origin was a disease having high morbidity rate in Thailand since 1983. Moreover, it was reported that people in Southern Thailand suffered from pyrexia of unknown origin with 704.04 people per 1,000 people a year. Therefore, it reflected the truth why local healers knew many plants for curing this symptom or disease. In this study, however, the fever mostly mentioned by local healers was Khai-phid-nam. Khai-Phid-Nam Khai is a fever in Thai language. Khai-phid-nam is a kind of fever, caused by a return of fever after patients took their bath and were absolutely relieved of the last illness. The chief complaint of this fever is lower temperature at both feet, while higher one at other body parts. According to healers’ knowledge, there were 7 species of medicinal plants used for treating Khai-Phid-Nam including Bridelia stipularis (L.) Blume, Breynia sp., Flagellaria indica L., Melaleuca cajuputi Roxb., Solanum Neamsuvan et al. 2433 trilobatum L., Glycosmis pentaphylla (Retz.) DC, Mischocarpus sundaicus Blume and Sida cordifolia L. Comparison to related study The folk knowledge of herbal utilization obtained from this survey was compared to 2 closely related studies. The former Thaechatturat’s study (2000) about using medicinal plants of Morgan tribe in Phang-nga province, the resembling properties to present study were found in 2 species, namely C. odoratum (L.) R.M. King & H.Rob. used for wound treating and Morinda elliptica (Hook. f.) Ridl. used as anthelmintic. The latter Upho’ s study (2005) about using medicinal plants of Buddhist and Muslim Thais in Trang province, a total of 12 species with resembling properties to this study was found, namely C. odoratum (L.) R.M. King & H.Rob. used for wound healing, Vernonia cinerea (L.) Less. used to stop bleeding, Ipomoea pes-caprae (L.) R. Br. used for curing toxin from jellyfish, Euphorbia hirta L. used as lactogogue, Senna sophera L. used as antidote, Chrysopogon aciculatus (Retz.) Trin. used for gravel treatment, Tiliacora triandra Diels used for relieving fever, Oldenlandia corymbosa L used to treat cancer, Glycosmis pentaphylla (Retz.) DC used to treat herpes simplex as well as herpes zoster, Lygodium microphyllum (Cav.) R. Br. used to relief fever. Moreover, 2 species namely Xylocarpus granatum J. Koenig and Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Aiton) Hassk. were used as antidiarrhoeal. Biological confirmation From this study, 34 medicinal plants showed that their folk properties were concordant to pharmacological activities studied previously (Table 6). For example, Abrus precatorius L, the traditional healer used to cure Athlete’s foot while the biological research showed that its leaf extract (Adelowotan et al., 2008), root extract (Mistry et al., 2010) and seed extract (Prashith Kekuda et al., 2010) were potentially against the Gram positive organism Staphylococcus aureus, causing pus and ulcer (Franklin, 1998). Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R. Br.ex DC was used to cure fever. Simultaneously, Praveen et al.’s (2010) study showed that its extract has potential to cure antipyretic activity. In addition, Johnson et al.’s (2010) study showed that leaves extracts are more effective against Proteus vulgaris, Streptococcus pyogenes, Bacillus subtilis and Salmonella typhii. However, there were 13 species that have never been studied about biological activities including Drynaria sparsisora (Desv.) T. Moore, Jasminum nervosum Lour., Uvaria ridleyi King, Fimbristylis sericea R. Br., Lindernia ciliata (Colsm.) Pennell, Lindernia crustacea (L.) F. Muell., Allophylus cobbe (L.) Raeusch., Microstachys
2434 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 6. The species with biological confirmation Scientific name Traditional healer uses (plant part/ disease) Abrus precatorius L. Leaves/ athlete's foot Acanthus ilicifolius L. Whole plant/ cancer Pharmacological activities (References) Antibacterial activity (Adelowotan Bobbarala and Vadlapudi, 2009; Prashith et al., 2008; Mistry et al., 2010; Kekuda et al., 2010); antifungal activity (Prashith Kekuda et al., 2010) Antitumour activity (Babu et al., 2002); antioxidant activity (Babu et al., 2001) Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R. Br.ex DC. Whole plant/ fever Antipyretic activity (Praveen et al., 2010) Antibacterial activity (Johnson et al., 2010) Calophyllum inophyllum L. Fruits/ joints and bones pain Antiinflamamtory activity (Shah et al., 2006) Rhizophora apiculata Blume Fruits/ fever Antiviral activity (Jassim and Naji, 2003) Rhizophora mucronata Lam. Rhodomyrtus tomentosa(Aiton) Hassk. Fruits/ fever; stem bark/ diarrhea, mucous; bloody dysentery, Antibacterial activity (Jelager et al., 1998) Fruits/ diarrhoeal Antibacterial activity (Surasak et al., 2009) Sida cordifolia L. Whole plant/ fever Antibacterial activity (Mahesh and Satish, 2008) Solanum trilobatum L. Tiliacora triandra Diels Stem/ fever Tribulus terrestris L. Vernonia cinerea (L.) Less. Xylocarpus granatum J. Koenig Leaves/ herpes simplex; Analgesic activity (Annamalaia et al., 2009) Fruits/ sore throat, fever Antiinflammatory and analgesic activity (Ramakrishna et al., 2011) Whole plant/ diabetes mellitus Antibacterial activity (Swapna Latha & Kannabiran, 2006); antidiabetic activity ( Doss et al., 2009) Antimalarial activity (Saiin and Markmee, 2003); antipyretic activity (Jongchanapong et al., 2010) Whole plant/ Dysuria, Diuretic activity (Al-Ali et al., 2003) Kidney stone CaOx crystallization inhibition (Aggarwal et al., 2010) Whole plant/ wound Antiinflammatory activity (Mazumder et al., 2003); Antibacterial activit(Gupta et al., 2003 ) Whole plant/ smoking cessation Smoking cessation (Wongwiwatthananukit et al., 2009) Stem bark/ diarrhoeal, mucous bloody dysentery Antibacterial activity (Alam et al., 2006) Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. Leaves/ seborrheic dermatitis Antibacterial activity (Abalaka et al., 2010) Calotropis gigantean(L.) W.T. Aiton Latex/ toothache,corns Senna tora L. Whole plant/ fever Antibacterial activity (Alam et al., 2008; Subramanian and Saratha, 2010) ; wound healing (Waya et al., 2009) Antibacterial activity (Roopashree et al., 2008); antibacterial activity (Chavan et al., 2011) Cayratia trifolia (L.) Domin Stem/ used as emmenagogue PGE2 inhibition (Siriwatanametanona, 2010)
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Journal of Medicinal Plants Researc
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Editors Prof. Akah Peter Achunike E
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Electronic submission of manuscript
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Fees and Charges: Authors are requi
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Table of Contents: Volume 6 Number
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Figure 1. Chuanxiong Rhizoma (http:
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Table 1. Identification of main pea
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Table 3. Pharmacokinetic parameters
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active component study, many invest
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and 1185 kg ha -1 in the first site
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Table 1. Recommendation for use fer
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Sadanandan AK, Hamza S (1996c). Stu
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and it has been traced to South Ame
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Table 3. Results of phytochemical a
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(a) (b) (c) Figure 1. (a) Normal ce
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emedies in the south of Brazil. J.
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known fatty acids and terpenoids we
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Table 1. Renal function tests of ra
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Al-Radahe et al. 2271 Figure 3.nnnn
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namely disruption of the vascular e
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Zayachkivska OS, Konturek SJ, Drozd
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β-carotene were purchased from Sig
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Figure 1. Effect of ethanol concent
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Table 3. Climatic and soil factors
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content of polysaccharides. Phospha
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Serge et al. 2285 Table 1. Relative
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Percentage inhibition % of inhibiti
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Table 1. Result of phytochemical sc
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Table 3. Result of thin layer chrom
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Table 2. MIC of a compound 1 from c
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Zirihi et al. 2301 Figure 2. Termin
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Figure 5. T. catappa Linn. (Combret
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Figure 8. A. fumigatus: Aspect of c
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Figure 12. Sensitivity of A. fumiga
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Noormi et al. 2311 Table 1. Callus
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Table 2. Contd. NoC=No callus. 4.0
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Figure 2. Contd. at 2.0 mg/L yellow
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Table 1. Biochemical parameters in
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Figure 3. Bcl-xL reactions in inter
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors would l
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Figure 1. The first page of the boo
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Figure 3. The most widely included
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Figure 4. Lithographic print “St.
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Table 1. List of plants included in
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Table 1. Contd. Nedelcheva 2333 Cin
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Table 1. Contd. Nedelcheva 2335 Rhe
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14 7 1 15 1 35 17 16 Imported plant
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Academy of Science Publishing House
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et al., 1996; van Wyk and Gericke,
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DPPH inhibition (%) DPPH % inhibiti
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% Mortality Concentration (µg/ml)
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information on plants used for the
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Table 1. Levels of independent vari
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Arbutin (mg/g) Co-solvent Figure 1.
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Arbutin (mg/g) Extraction pressure
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Table 3. Arbuitn content of Asian p
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Arbutin (mg/g) Extraction pressure
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Arbutin (mg/g) Extraction temperatu
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Table 1. Chemical composition of es
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Darjazi 2369 Table 2. Statistical a
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Page 153 and 154: Table 6. Results of ANOVA. Nie et a
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2484 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 3. C
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2486 J. Med. Plants Res. components
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2490 J. Med. Plants Res. Inhibition
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2492 J. Med. Plants Res. Figure 3.
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2494 J. Med. Plants Res. can increa
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2496 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 2. S
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2500 J. Med. Plants Res. Flowering
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2502 J. Med. Plants Res. harvest in
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2518 J. Med. Plants Res. Table 3. E
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2524 J. Med. Plants Res. ACKNOWLEDG
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UPCOMING CONFERENCES 15th European
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