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2292 J. Med. Plants Res. ambrosioides, such as alkaloids (Haseeb et al., 1978), saponins (Gupta and Behari, 1972) and flavonoids (Jain et al., 1990). Proximate analysis The proximate analysis (Table 2) revealed moisture content of 10.90%, which is within the acceptable limits of about 6 to 15% for most vegetable drugs (Kunle, 2000). Low moisture content reduces errors in the estimation of the actual weight of drug material, reduces components hydrolysis by reducing the activities of hydrolytic 1 3 O O 4 O 2 O O OH OH Figure 1. Chemical structures of some bioactive compounds of Chenopodium ambrosioides. Table 2. Result of proximate analysis of the aerial part of C. ambrosioides. Parameter Values (%)* Moisture content 10.90 ± 0.05 Total ash value 14.65 ± 0.3 Acid-insoluble ash value 3.05 ± 0.05 Water-soluble ash value 6.25 ± 0.02 Alcohol-soluble extractive value 13.20 ± 0.06 Water-soluble extractive value 3.18 ± 0.03 * Each value in the table was obtained by calculating the average of three experiments ± SEM. enzymes which may destroy the active components, and also reduces the proliferation of microbial colonies and therefore minimize the chance of spoilage due to microbial attack (Shellard, 1958). Total ash value of 14.65%, though high, is within range given for some official drugs such as citrus leaf (7.0%), neem leaf (11.6%) and atropa leaf (16%) (Kunle, 2000). The total ash value is a diagnostic purity index. It represents the physiological ash and non-physiological ash. Physiological ash is the ash inherent in the plant due to biochemical processes and the non-physiological is contaminants from the environment. These may be carbonates, phosphates, nitrates, sulphates, chlorides
Table 3. Result of thin layer chromatography fingerprint of nhexane extract of aerial part of C. ambrosioides. Spot Rf value Color/visualization 1 0.15 Pink/vanillin spray 2 0.31 Purple/vanillin spray 3 0.49 Purple/vanillin spray 4 0.65 Pink/vanillin spray 5 0.70 Light green/daylight; pink/UV 365 nm 6 0.81 Green/daylight; pink/UV 365 nm 7 0.89 Deep pink/vanillin spray 8 0.93 Deep pink/vanillin spray Table 4. Thin layer chromatography fingerprint of ethyl acetate extract of aerial part of C. ambrosioides with Rf values. Spot Rf value Color/visualization 1 0.05 Green/daylight 2 0.50 Purple/vanillin spray 3 0.56 Purple/vanillin spray 4 0.65 Pink/vanillin spray 5 0.70 Light green/daylight; pink/UV 365 nm 6 0.81 Green/daylight; pink/UV 365 nm 7 0.93 Deep pink/vanillin spray and silicates of various metals which were taken up from the soil (Kunle, 2000). The non-physiological ash component of the total ash could be reduced by rinsing the fresh plant material several times in clean water before drying and processing for medicinal uses. The acid-insoluble ash value measures the amount of silica, especially siliceous earth, present in the drug plant (Kunle, 2000). The physiological ash gets dissolved in the dilute acid while some of the non-physiological ash remains undissolved (Shellard, 1958). The value of 3.05% which was obtained in this work is within range reported for some official vegetable drugs like cajanus seed (not more than 0.15%), capsicum fruits (not more than 1.5%), euphorbia whole herb (3%) and atropa leaf (5%) (Kunle, 2000). The value obtained indicates that about 11.6% of the total ash will be physiologically available when the plant drug is ingested (Shellard, 1958). The water extractive value of 3.18%, which is less than the alcohol extractive value of 13.20%, implies that alcohol will be a better solvent for the extraction of the plant constituents. Thin layer chromatography fingerprinting The TLC Rf values of the hexane and ethyl acetate extracts are shown in Tables 3 and 4, respectively. The Okhale et al. 2293 chromatogram showed eight spots and seven spots for the hexane and ethyl acetate extracts, respectively. Conclusion Nigerian species of C. ambrosioides is rich in phytochemicals, some of which may be attributed to its ethnomedicinal uses for management of coughs, tuberculosis, diabetes, and as antimalarial. The presence of some secondary metabolites like alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, phenols, terpenes and sterols, all of which have been reported to exhibit physiological activities in man, animals and microorganisms, suggests that the plant may be use as a potent vegetable drug. Some phytochemicals are used in the pharmaceutical industry for the production of various drugs. Examples include the quinine analogues, nicotine, taxol, artemisinin and cocaine (Evans, 2002). Flavonoids and saponins have been reported to possess anti-oxidants, antiinflammatory and hypoglycemic activities, and are used as anti-microbial, anti-cancer and anti-allergic remedies. Saponins and cardiac glycosides have also been reported as antifungal as well as cardiotonics (Kunle and Egharevba, 2009). Some tannins had been reported as anti-viral and anti-tumor agents as well as diuretics. Terpenes like the mono-, sesqui- and triterpenes, and sterols had been reported to exhibit various biological activities in animals and microorganisms. Some of which include, anti-inflamatory, anti-microbial and hormonal activities. Some steroidal compounds have been reported to exhibited anti-diabetic properties (Evans, 2002). ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The authors wish to thank Muazzam Ibrahim Wudil for providing ethnomedicinal uses of C. ambrosioides in Northern Nigeria. REFERENCES Begum J, Yusuf M, Chowdhurry JJ, Wahab MA (1993). Studies of essential oils for their antibacterial and antifungal properties. Part I. Preliminary screening of 35 essential oils. Bangladesh J. Sc. Ind. Res., 28: 15-24. Burkill HM (1985). The Useful Plants of West Tropical Africa. 2nd edition. Families A-D. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London, 1: 366- 367. Dubey NK, Kishore N (1987). Fungitoxicity of some higher plants and synergistic activity of their oils. Trop. Sci., 27: 23-27. Evans WC (2002). Trease and Evans Pharmacognosy, 15th edition, W.B. Sanders London, pp. 214-393, 419. Filipoy A (1994). Medicinal plants of the pilaga of central chaco. J. Ethnopharmacol., 44: 181-193. Gupta GS, Behari M (1972). Chemical investigation of Chenopodium ambrosioides. J. Indian Chem. Soc., 49: 317- 319. Harborne JB (1998). Phytochemical Methods, A Guide to Modern Technique of Plant Analysis. 3rd Edition Chapman and Hall. New York, pp. 1-198.
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Journal of Medicinal Plants Researc
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Editors Prof. Akah Peter Achunike E
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Electronic submission of manuscript
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Fees and Charges: Authors are requi
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Table of Contents: Volume 6 Number
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DPPH inhibition (%) DPPH % inhibiti
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% Mortality Concentration (µg/ml)
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information on plants used for the
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Table 1. Levels of independent vari
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Arbutin (mg/g) Co-solvent Figure 1.
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Arbutin (mg/g) Extraction pressure
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Table 3. Arbuitn content of Asian p
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Arbutin (mg/g) Extraction pressure
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Arbutin (mg/g) Extraction temperatu
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Table 1. Chemical composition of es
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Darjazi 2369 Table 2. Statistical a
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Table 1. Precision test. extraction
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Figure 2. Effect of different alcoh
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Table 6. Results of ANOVA. Nie et a
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Table 2. Plant data and MIC values
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exhibiting the polar extracts of P.
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Figure 1. Map of Ladakh region of I
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Warghat et al. 2391 Table 3. Summar
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Table 5. Inter-Population genetic i
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Excoffier L, Smouse PE, Quattro JM
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ice residue is an ideal raw materia
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DPPH• scavenging ratio(%) OD valu
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scavenging effect on free radical a
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our new CL system. Fenton reaction
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1 2 Time (s) Figure 2. Kinetic curv
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Wong et al., 2006). It can be seen
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Pan YM, Liang Y, Wang HS, Liang M (
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2422 J. Med. Plants Res. close cano
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UPCOMING CONFERENCES 15th European
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