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should be done with caution. REFERENCES Abalaka SE, Auta J (2010). Toxicity of aqueous and ethanol extracts of Parkia biglobosa pods on Clarias gariepinus Juveniles. J. Vet. Adv., 9(6): 1068-1072. APHA, AWWA, WPCF (1985). “American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association and Water Pollution Control Federation”, Standard methods of examination of water and waste water. 16 th edition. APHA, Washington, DC, USA, p. 1268. Ayotunde EO, Offem BO, Okey IB, Ikpi GU, Ochang NO, Agbam NE, Omini DE (2010). Toxicity of pawpaw (Carica papaya) seed powder to sharptooth catfish Clarias gariepinus fingerlings and effects on haematological parameters. Int. J. Fish. Aqua, 2(3): 71-78. Ayuba VO, Ofojekwu PC (2002). Acute toxicity of the root extract of Jimsons weed. Datura innoxia to the African catfish Clarias gariepinus. J. Aqua. Sci., 17(2): 131-133. Ayuba VO, Ojobe TO, Ayuba SA (2011). Phytochemical and proximate composition of Datura innoxia leaf, seed, stem pod and root. J. Med. Plants Res., 5(14): 2952-2955. Bobmanuel NOK, Gabriel UU, Ekweozor IKE (2006). Direct toxic assessment of treated fertilizer effluents to Oreochromis niloticus, and catfish hybrid (Heterobranchus bidorsalis ♂ x Clarias gariepinus ♀). Afr. J. Tech., 5(8): 653-642. Datta M, Kaviraj A (2002). Acute Toxicity of Synthetic Pyrethroid Deltamethrin to freshwater Catfish Clarias gariepinus. Bull. Environ. Toxicol., 70: 296-229 Dereck BM (2002). Datura and Brugmonsia as sacred plants and medicine. Biological Resources Program Research Centre Report KIA OC6 Research Branch of Agriculture, Canada. Djibo A, Bouzon SB (2000). Acute intoxication of the sobi-lobi (Datura innoxia). A Propus of four cases in Niger. Afr. J. Med. Sci., 23: 45-47. D’Mello F (2000). Nature's chemicals and synthetic chemicals. Comp. Toxicol. Environ Health Pers. 104(5): 857-860. Fafioye OO, Adebisi AA, Fagade SO (2004). Toxicity of Parkia biglobosa and Raphia vinifera extracts on Clarias gariepinus juveniles. Afr. J. Biotechnol., 3(11): 627-630. Farah MA, Ateeq B, Ali MN, Sabir R, Ahmad W (2004). Studies on lethal concentrations and toxicity stress of some xenobiotics on aquatic organisms. Chemosphere, 55(2): 257-265. Ayuba et al. 2457 Gabriel UU, Macaulay BF, Edori OS (2010). Acute toxicity and behavioural responses of African catfish, Clarias gariepinus to Amine salt of 2,4-D. Chin. J. Appl. Environ. Biol., 16(3): 347-352. Gaafar AY, El-Manakhly EM, Soliman MK, Soufy H, Mona SZ, Mohamed SG, Hassan SM (2010). Some pathological, biochemical and haematolocal investigations on Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) following chronic exposure to edifenphos pestiside. J. Am. Sci., 6(10): 542-551. Hecht T, Odlermann L, Verheust L (1996). Perspective on clariid catfish culture in Africa. In: L. Marc, J. P. Pierre, (eds) The biology and culture of catfishes. Geneva, Switzerland: Aquat. Living Resour., 121- 145 Mackereth FJH (1963). Some methods of water Analysis for Limnologists. Freshw. Biol. Assoc. Publ., 21: 70. Okomoda J, Ayuba VO, Omeji S (2010). Heamological Changes of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822), fingerlings exposed to Acute Toxicity of Formalin. Prod. Agric. Technol., 6: 100-109. Ololade IA, Oginni O (2010). Toxic stress and Heamological effects of nickel on Clarias gariepinus fingerlings. J. Environ. Chem. Ecotoxicol., 2(2): 14-19. Omoregie E, Ufodike EBC, Keke IR (1998). Tissue chemistry of Oreochromis niloticus exposed to sublethal concentration of gamalin 20 and actellic 25 EC. J. Aquat. Sci., 5: 33-36. Oti EE (2002). Acute toxicity of cassava mill effluent to the African catfish fingerlings. J. Environ, Biol., 20(3): 112-117. Reish DL, Oshida PS (1987). Manual of methods in aquatic environmental research - part 10-short term static bioassay. F.A.O. Fish Tech. Paper, 247: 62. Shah SL (2002). Behavioural abnormalities of Cyprinion watsoni on exposure to copper and zinc. Turk. J. Zool., 26: 137-140. Tawari-Fufeyin P, Igetei J, Okoidigun ME (2008). Changes in the Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) exposed to acute Cadmium and lead poisoning. Biosci. Res. Comm., 20(5): 271-276. UNEP (United Nations Environmental Programme) (1989). Estimation of the lethal toxicity of pollutants in marine fish and invertebrates. Ref. Methods Mar. Poll. Studies, 43: 27.
Journal of Medicinal Plants Research Vol. 6(12), pp. 2458-2467, 30 March, 2012 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/JMPR DOI: 10.5897/JMPR11.1643 ISSN 1996-0875 ©2012 <strong>Academic</strong> <strong>Journals</strong> Full Length Research Paper Dietary supplementation of green tea by-products on growth performance, meat quality, blood parameters and immunity in finishing pigs Md. Elias Hossain, Seok Young Ko and Chul Ju Yang* Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Jeonnam 540-742, Korea. Accepted 20 February, 2012 Green tea has a long-standing reputation for its health-promoting properties. It has a useful content of amino acids, proteins, vitamins, tannins and polyphenols, such as epicatechin, epigallocatechin, epigallocatechin gallate and gallocatechin. This study evaluated the potential use of green tea byproducts in finishing pig diet. A total of 100 finishing pigs were assigned to 5 dietary treatments with 4 replications for 6 weeks in a completely randomized design. The treatments were as follows: control (basal diet), antibiotic (basal diet with 0.003% chlortetracycline), and basal diet with 0.5, 1 or 2% green tea by-products (GTB). In this experiment, a poor weight gain and feed conversion ratio was observed for the GTB-2% group when compared with the antibiotic group. Both crude protein and crude fat contents of the meat were inversely proportional to each other in the GTB groups and 0.5 to 1% level differed with the antibiotic group. The slaughter weight and shear value were higher in GTB-1 and 0.5%, group respectively, while a lower heating loss and higher tenderness were observed in the GTB-2% group. Supplementation of the pig diet with GTB reduced the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances values of the meat, and increased white blood cells (WBC) and red blood cells (RBC) content compare to others. Although, spleen weight was decreased in the GTB-1 and 2% groups, spleen cells growth and, IL-6 and TNF-α production were improved by the addition of GTB to the feed. These combined results indicated that 0.5 to 1% GTB hold great promise to use as feed additive for finishing pigs. Key words: Green tea by-products, growth, meat, blood, immunity, pigs. INTRODUCTION Recent consumer scares over animal production practices have renewed interest in using alternative ingredients to antibiotics, particularly those from plants, which are perceived as ‘natural’ and ‘safe’ by consumers. However, plant extracts are in many commercial preparations currently used in animal production, and produce antimicrobial (Jamroz et al., 2003), antioxidant (Cross et al., 2007), antitoxin effects (Platel and Srinivasan, 2000); and are able to improve digestibility (Rao et al., 2003), stimulate enzyme activity (Platel et al., 2002) and immune functions (Ko and Yang, 2008). Consumption of ready-made tea drinks such as green tea *Corresponding author. E-mail: yangcj@scnu.kr. Tel: 82-61-750- 3235. Fax: 82-61-750-3239. (Camellia sinensis) has increased markedly in ecent years in Southeast and East Asia. World green tea production was 0.968 million metric ton (MMT) in 2006 and the projected production in 2017 is 1.571 MMT (Hicks, 2009). Consequently, the amount of tea byproducts, which are the residues of tea drink manufacturing at beverage companies, has been increasing. In fact, in 2003, more than 200,000 tons of used tea leaves were produced from all kinds of tea, of which approximately 90,000 tons were from green tea and 40,000 tons from black tea (Kondo et al., 2005). Used green tea leaves from factories are disposed of as compost, dumped into landfills or burned, which causes both an economical and environmental problem. It is important to reuse tea wastes in livestock production to reduce the use of artificial additives and environmental
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Journal of Medicinal Plants Researc
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Editors Prof. Akah Peter Achunike E
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Electronic submission of manuscript
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Fees and Charges: Authors are requi
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Table of Contents: Volume 6 Number
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Figure 1. Chuanxiong Rhizoma (http:
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Table 1. Identification of main pea
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Table 3. Pharmacokinetic parameters
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active component study, many invest
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and 1185 kg ha -1 in the first site
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Table 1. Recommendation for use fer
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Sadanandan AK, Hamza S (1996c). Stu
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and it has been traced to South Ame
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Table 3. Results of phytochemical a
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(a) (b) (c) Figure 1. (a) Normal ce
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emedies in the south of Brazil. J.
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known fatty acids and terpenoids we
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Table 1. Renal function tests of ra
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Al-Radahe et al. 2271 Figure 3.nnnn
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namely disruption of the vascular e
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Zayachkivska OS, Konturek SJ, Drozd
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β-carotene were purchased from Sig
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Figure 1. Effect of ethanol concent
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Table 3. Climatic and soil factors
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content of polysaccharides. Phospha
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Serge et al. 2285 Table 1. Relative
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Percentage inhibition % of inhibiti
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Table 1. Result of phytochemical sc
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Table 3. Result of thin layer chrom
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Table 2. MIC of a compound 1 from c
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Zirihi et al. 2301 Figure 2. Termin
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Figure 5. T. catappa Linn. (Combret
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Figure 8. A. fumigatus: Aspect of c
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Figure 12. Sensitivity of A. fumiga
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Noormi et al. 2311 Table 1. Callus
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Table 2. Contd. NoC=No callus. 4.0
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Figure 2. Contd. at 2.0 mg/L yellow
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Table 1. Biochemical parameters in
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Figure 3. Bcl-xL reactions in inter
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors would l
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Figure 1. The first page of the boo
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Figure 3. The most widely included
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Figure 4. Lithographic print “St.
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Table 1. List of plants included in
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Table 1. Contd. Nedelcheva 2333 Cin
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Table 1. Contd. Nedelcheva 2335 Rhe
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14 7 1 15 1 35 17 16 Imported plant
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Academy of Science Publishing House
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et al., 1996; van Wyk and Gericke,
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DPPH inhibition (%) DPPH % inhibiti
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% Mortality Concentration (µg/ml)
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information on plants used for the
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Table 1. Levels of independent vari
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Arbutin (mg/g) Co-solvent Figure 1.
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Arbutin (mg/g) Extraction pressure
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Table 3. Arbuitn content of Asian p
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Arbutin (mg/g) Extraction pressure
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Arbutin (mg/g) Extraction temperatu
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Table 1. Chemical composition of es
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Darjazi 2369 Table 2. Statistical a
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Table 3. Correlation matrix (number
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Table 1. Precision test. extraction
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Figure 2. Effect of different alcoh
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Table 6. Results of ANOVA. Nie et a
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Table 2. Plant data and MIC values
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exhibiting the polar extracts of P.
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Table 3. Contd. AcOEt ++ ++ ++ - Me
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Figure 1. Map of Ladakh region of I
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Warghat et al. 2391 Table 3. Summar
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Table 5. Inter-Population genetic i
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2524 J. Med. Plants Res. ACKNOWLEDG
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UPCOMING CONFERENCES 15th European
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